The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and its...

The American dream can be defined as the promise of living in America with opportunities for all, regardless of social class, and according to their ability and effort (Schnell, 2010). Proponents of the American dream believe that there is equal opportunity for all in the American society to achieve success. Success is not pegged on social status, race, or creed, but rather on an individual’s own efforts. The definition of the American dream has unique interpretations to different people. The most common meaning is that of a life of abundance and prosperity, characterized by economic rewards that enable one to live a middle class life of comfort. Here, success is measured by material possessions such as beautiful homes, cars, a high†¦show more content†¦Douglass’ narrative clearly illustrates how these components played a part in enabling him to realize his ultimate dream of freedom. Individualism The American dream is closely tied with individualism, where there is emphasis on personal achievements as well as individual rights. In American society, everyone is entitled to their own opinion, and the freedom to express such opinions. With this right, each individual is expected to push himself towards success on the basis of his/her own personal efforts. The American dream is also based on the belief that anyone who has enough talent, will, drive, and merit can overcome insurmountable obstacles to achieve whatever they set their minds to. However, not everyone can achieve success as it is based on an individual’s abilities, initiative, and willingness to take risks. Frederick Douglass demonstrates this trait of individualism throughout his life, with his willingness to take risks, and to overcome obstacles placed in his way, so as to acquire whatever he sought. This trait is what sets him apart from other slaves, and is best illustrated through his efforts to learn how t o read and write. Though his master forbade him to learn and took away his only teacher, Frederick was able to overcome this obstacle and find other teachers, by befriending young white boys who knew how to read and write. Frederick’s individualism seems to have been a resultShow MoreRelatedAmerican Romanticism As Portrayed By Walt Whitman s Song Of Myself979 Words   |  4 PagesJesha C. Lor Callis Modern Civ-LIT 3/21/16 Song of myself (1855) Narrative (1845) American Romanticism as portrayed by Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† and Fredrick Douglass’s Narrative American Romanticism focuses on the imagination, emotions and idealized perspectives of the world. Romanticism is in opposition to the forms and conventions of Neoclassical Literature and is a reaction to the Age of reason which preceded Romanticism. Reason was ruled out in this era in place of imagination, individualityRead More Interpretations of Slavery Essay3734 Words   |  15 Pagesprevented from making their own choices regarding physical reproduction. Western slavery took each of these slave characteristics to a new level and as a result there are many authors who wrote about the evil institution of slavery in the Colonies. American literature is full of authors who describe, condone or oppose slavery, the most informative and influential of whom were Black writers because many were able to give a personal perspective on slavery. These Black writers had to struggle to be acceptedRead MoreRealism and Freedom in Literature of Dwight D. Eisenhower1948 Words   |  8 PagesRealism and Freedom Dwight D. Eisenhower once stated, Freedom has its life in the hearts, the actions, the spirit of men and so it must be daily earned and refreshed-else like a flower cut from its life-giving roots, it will wither and die (Rather 1). The meaning of the term freedom is often open to interpretation, and can represent different meanings to different groups of people. Up until the Realistic time period, many Americans viewed freedom as being able to enjoy the rights given to them underRead More After coming to America Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesAfter coming to America All people seem to want the same basic things out of life regardless of race or religion. Universally, people want a good job, a healthy family, and a chance for their children to have a better life than the one they have. Families that already possess these things, whether through their own hard work or merely by way of inheritance, rely on the existing power structures within society to ensure that their future happiness continues . But what do people who do not belong

Computer Usage in Schools Essay - 2085 Words

Computer Usage in Schools A computer is, â€Å"a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve and process data† (Merriam-Webster). This tool once predominately used in homes and offices is making its way into our educational system. Technology is a growing part of our society today. We are beginning to see the use of computers in classrooms more and more. The increase of computer usage in schools, primarily elementary, has enhanced student learning. The study I looked at recognized the importance of technology in education, but then examined teachers’ educational background and knowledge of technology and its effect on their integration of computers and computer software into classroom†¦show more content†¦Once the elementary school children arrived, each sophomore observed two pairs of children as they accessed the software and explored its capabilities. Afterwards they would rate the software again and right reports based on their observations. The results of the study were given in three groups. The first of which was based on the just the software alone. They found that just about all the college students thought that their CD-ROMs were educationally valuable. They â€Å"felt that something valuable must surely have occurred by virtue of the fact that the children were having fun and engaging with the software† (Pan paragraph 18). The few that were unimpressed with the software stated that â€Å"it was not sufficiently linear and that children spent their time playing games that had little pedagogical content† (paragraph 19). Many agreed that 30 minutes was not sufficient time for the students to become familiar with the software and gain from it. The second group of results was based on what the college students, or preservice teachers, as they called them, know and believe about the use of instructional technology. â€Å"In general, students had faith in the use of software as a teaching tool† (paragraph 29). Alex and Stuart gave several reasons they used to support this. SomeShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Harm To Future Generations Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesfuture Generations Will the usage of computers in a classroom setting result in adverse effects on young future generations? No doubt, for years has this been an ongoing argument concerning the educational system. Because computer use is promoted in schools, and because computers are so ubiquitous, children have a great deal of exposure to them. Not everyone, however, is comfortable with the use of computers by young children. Educators, Professors, Parents, and School Board affiliates have each developedRead More Technology’s Impact Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesfor me? I told you I would be back in five minutes and I wasn’t bringing my key with me. Why did you lock the door? Didn’t you hear what I said? Now would you get away from your screen? I think we need to talk! We never talked since you setup your computer. I think we have a lot of problem now, we need to talk!† Again and again Kate repeated her phrase. Ashley didn’t say a word and her hands kept punching her keyboard. Then she suddenly started to laugh. â€Å"Why are you laughing? What is so funnyRead MoreTechnology Skills in Todays Students1613 Words   |  6 Pagesfamiliar with technology in their daily lives. However, there is a need to examine students’ perception about their technology skills to determine what the students’ technology skill levels actually are; especially their prior knowledge in relation to school-related expectations. Indeed, the technology skills that students need to apply in their learning are not necessarily related to those they use in their social lives and may not transfer properly when used for knowledge building. Moreover, the realRead MoreSar on The Laptop Ate My Attention Span! Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesSummary: In this text the author discusses the reoccurring issues found in many Business schools, which is the constant use of laptops during class times. During lectures student will â€Å"day trade† causing a constant distraction to other students who are trying to pay attention and the teacher trying to teach, in one case a student the author quotes a student from The University of Virginia Darden’s Graduate School of Business Administration, who recalled an incident where a student opened and email withRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology In Education1218 Words   |  5 Pagesenriching technological era, where a man is encircled with gadgets and techno-era usages in all the aspects of life, it is highly convincible to use the same in education system as well. Though, this advancement is inevitable, still there are many fall-outs that the teachers and the education providers should look forward to. I would like to extend my views regarding the problems that m ay arise during and due to the usage and overdependence of technology for teaching purposes and precisely in ESL contextRead MoreThe Technology Era Of Technology1580 Words   |  7 PagesIn the evolutionary era of technology, schools have become increasingly dependent on the usage of internet and computers. As teachers are provided with more and more online resources for instructing, it only makes sense for students to follow. Along with other local elementary schools, Glenbrook South dipped its toes in the technology era with the initial implementation of Smart Boards and other classroom technology in over years past. In the 2013-2014 school year, Glenbrook South decided to fullyRead MoreEssay on Incorporation of Technology into Modern Education984 Words   |  4 Pagesincorporation of technology into modern education. Technology has always been in schools. The development of things like the overhead projector, typewriter, and blackboards have all played key roles in education. However, the pinnacle of technological advances has been the introduction of the computer into the classroom. Since the computer first entered the classroom in the early 1980?s as more than just a tool for school officials, student?s exposure to the ever-changing world of technology has nearlyRead MorePast, Present And Future Of Technology At School Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesPast, Present and Future of Technology at School School word in the last few years rapidly changed. The main cause of this mutation is because the students that attend the school institutions are radically different compared to their parents generation. Teachers, nowadays, face students that are experienced users of the new technologies that are often unknown to adults. The generation of people that grew up in the digital era are multitasking, used to communicate and play through media. LouiseRead MoreEssay on Technology Past and Present1198 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology Past and Present Abstract Computers are in most schools in the United States. Most states have addressed the need to adopt technology standards in curriculum. As the spotlight focuses on technology integration and academic achievement, school districts are focusing on staff development as an integral part of the technology integration process. The role of computers in the classroom has changed from a support tool for basic skills and content using tutorial and remediationRead MoreSoftware and High School Essay example621 Words   |  3 PagesSoftware And High School The beginning of the 1990s is marked by the era of computers. Everywhere we look ,we see computers. They have become an essential part of our every day life. If the worlds computer systems were turned off even for a short amount of time, unimaginable disasters would occur. We can surely say that todays world is heading into the future with the tremendous influence of computers. These machines are very important players in the game, the key to the success however

Revenge Prometheus Bound Essay Example For Students

Revenge Prometheus Bound Essay A monologue from the play by Percy Bysshe Shelley NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Prometheus Unbound; A Lyrical Drama in Four Acts with Other Poems. Percy Bysshe Shelley. London: C and J Ollier, 1820. PROMETHEUS: Evil mindsChange good to their own nature. I gave allHe has; and in return he chains me hereYears, ages, night and day: whether the SunSplit my parched skin, or in the moony nightThe crystal-winged snow cling round my hair:Whilst my beloved race is trampled downBy his thought-executing ministers.Such is the tyrants recompense: tis just:He who is evil can receive no good;And for a world bestowed, or a friend lost,He can feel hate, fear, shame; not gratitude:He but requites me for his own misdeed.Kindness to such is keen reproach, which breaksWith bitter stings the light sleep of Revenge.Submission, thou dost know I cannot try:For what submission but that fatal word,The death-seal of mankinds captivity,Like the Sicilians hair-suspended sword,Which trembles oer his crown, would he accept,Or could I yield? Which yet I will not yield.Let others flatter Crime, where it sits thronedIn brief Omnipotence: secure are they:For Justice, when triumphant, will weep downPity, not punish ment, on her own wrongs,Too much avenged by those who err. I wait,Enduring thus, the retributive hourWhich since we spake is even nearer now.

The Great Gatsby Tragedy From Lies Essay Example For Students

The Great Gatsby: Tragedy From Lies Essay The Great Gatsby: Tragedy From Lies In the world people try to hide things from each other but one way oranother they find out what they are hiding. In the Great Gatsby by F. ScottFitzgerald, the secrecy and deceit practiced by Jay, Daisy, and Myrtle leads toinevitable tragedy when the truths are revealed. Jay failed to realize that if you tell a lie most of the time theytend to come to a boil and burst. For example, My family have been prominent,well-to-do people in this Middle Western city for three generations..pg.2why did he have to lie when he knew that if they really got to know him theywould find out the truth. Jay gave everyone the impression that he was this kindof rich-snobbish guy. Who knows why. It is not always good to lie. In Jays casewhen it came down to them finding out the truth they didnt know whether he wastelling the truth or lying. So it was hard for them to believe what he wassaying. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby: Tragedy From Lies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Daisy was another who would lie because she thought it would keephappiness. The way she lied was different from Jay. She lied to keep the personshe thought was the love of her life, Tom happy. Daisys relationship with TOmwas quite unusual. Tom was having an affair with Myrtle and Daisy really wantedto be with Tom, but not really because she only did it because she thought shehad to. Daisy was really in love with Jay but because she felt like she had tobe in love with Tom she would make up lies to keep them together. Tom prettymuch felt the same way or he thought Daisy really liked him so he didnt want tobreak her heart. But for them it didnt really work out well. If they would oftold each other their feelings and wouldnt of held them back from each otherthey could of discussed their personnal situations and they might of had a niceseperation. But since they chose to keep things back from each other and lie toeach other everything went terrible. For instance when the story about Jay andDaisy was coming out she still wanted to keep it a secret so she said Pleaselets all go home. Why dont we all go home?pg.131 it was coming out but shewas still trying to keep things back from Tom. What Daisy failed to understandwas the lying was not helping at this point at all. In this conversation Daisycontinued lying saying Why- how could I love him-possibly?.pg. 132 when sheknew she loved him. The largest of all lies was the Myrtle and Tom affair because everyonein the story seemed to evolved around this issue. Alot of people didnt reallycatch what was going on. Until Mr. Wilson found out, Myrtles husband. He lovedher alot and he did not want to let her go so he locked her in the closet andsaid Shes going to stay there till the day after to-morrow, and then weregoing to move away. .pg.137 this is the kind of punishment she recievedafter she lied but he wasnt going to let her go. He was going to keep herlocked up until he got ready to move because she always talked about moving. Otherwise she was going to try to run away with Tom. In the meantime Mrs. Wilson(Myrtle) is screaming through the closet Beat Me!.pg. 138 as if he was theone in the wrong not her. .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a , .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .postImageUrl , .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a , .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a:hover , .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a:visited , .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a:active { border:0!important; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a:active , .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u293acc662614f02dd297f16b9cf65a9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Babylon Essay In conclusion none of these lies were kept going for along time. Jayeventually told the truth and got together with Daisy. Myrtle was ran over byGatsbys car and Mr. Wilson commited suicide. But lies always tend to collapse. The secrecy and deceit that was practiced by all of these individuals allcollapsed and the truth was revealed

Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example

Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunity for different social classes. Social inequality is found within every society and is based upon many different factors. Some of these factors include people’s level of education and their level of income. Harper Lee shows social inequality is largely influenced on the amount of education received in her book To Kill A Mockingbird. One of the main characters in To Kill A Mockingbird is Jem Finch. Jem Finch defines the social hierarchy of Maycomb, Alabama into four different categories. Jem puts people like his family, the Finches, at the top of the hierarchy. The Finches are a very educated, well off, white, family. Below the Finches Jem puts the Cunninghams. The Cunninghams are a poor, semi-educated, white family. Even though the Cunninghams are in some bad situations, they are still nice people. This is why they are above the next people: the Ewells. The Ewells are the second to last on Jem’s social hierarchy scale. The Ewells are what would be consider â€Å"white trash†. They are rude, filthy, poor, uneducated people. The only reason the Cunninghams and Ewells are not on the same level is because of how rude the Ewells are. The last on Jem’s scale is the blacks. The setting of To Kill A Mockingbird took place in the 1930’s, which is why the blacks We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer are on the bottom. This also explains why the blacks were not allowed the same opportunities as everyone else was. Blacks were not given the same education opportunities as the whites. A majority of the citizens in this time period were extremely racist. As previously stated the Finches are the most financially stable and they have the most education out of everyone in the book. Their level of education is shown through the fact that Atticus, the father of Jem and Scout, is an attorney. Even in the 1930’s being an attorney was not easy to become; it required a lot of schooling. Atticus being an attorney is also why they a

Pride and Prejudice Passage Mimick

Pride and Prejudice Passage Mimick Free Online Research Papers Note from the author: This was for my European Lit. class. We were suppose to pick a passage from Pride and Prejudice and write a mock passage for it. It was 2:30 in the afternoon, and two Northwood High students, Suzan and Charlie, were spending their free 7th period outside at the lunch tables. Charlie decided that he wanted to do his European history homework because he had a test the next day. Suzan just sat next to him, staring. While Charlie was doing his homework Suzan tried to start a conversation, but failed miserably. â€Å"That is a huge book that you’re reading†¦you must be like uber smart!!† gasped Suzan. â€Å"It is what all European history students must read Suzan.† Charlie curtly replied. â€Å"You must mean like the life history, the real history. You must be the smartest in your class, because you write super neat!† Charlie, however, did not reply. He just continued doing his homework. â€Å"I like your pen too; the dice at the end of the pencil is like awesomely cute.† Charlie gave Suzan a pointed look that obviously stated he was getting rather annoyed at this situation; nevertheless, Suzan took no heed. â€Å"Look at the small birds, they’re small.† yelled Suzan, â€Å"They are small birds.† â€Å"Yes, small birds.† â€Å"You’re hand writing is neat, you know that. It’s like so neat you didn’t even have to use the lines on you’re paper! It takes such a long time to fill out a whole paper with notes and stuff! You’re so neat and smart!† â€Å"Yes, it is tedious work, but it is work that I need complete. And furthermore, I like to be well organized and prepared for all my classes, as you commented before.† stated Charlie. â€Å"WOW! It’s like you know what I’m thinking. I was thinking the exact same thing before you said anything. It’s like you’re psychic or something!† He was silent. â€Å"You know I was wondering, did you finish that essay we had in English. That really long essay. I mean, how could a teacher give out so much homework? And that math teacher, gosh! He just sat there and read his newspaper, he didn’t teach the class anything!† â€Å"We do not have the delight of being in the same English class. And besides, I would believe that your mathematics teacher gave you a warm up then a test.† â€Å"OH! It was a test! How could I forget? No wonder nobody said anything and it was so quiet, and I was wondering why everyone was like looking at me weirdly.† â€Å"It seems so.† â€Å"You know, you seem like the talkative type. And you’re such a fantastic conversationalist. We should do this often† There was a slight pause. â€Å"Perhaps† was the reply. â€Å"OH MY GOSH that is such a wonderful idea.† The bell suddenly rang, signaling the end of school and ending their â€Å"discussion†. Charlie packed up his belongings, said a civil good-bye to Suzan and walked off to his ride. Research Papers on Pride and Prejudice Passage MimickStandardized TestingThe Spring and AutumnAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMind TravelPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtPETSTEL analysis of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

In the event of peace, and a Palestinian state being formed, Palestine Essay

In the event of peace, and a Palestinian state being formed, Palestine would suffer massive economic repercussions due to lack of competitiveness and underdevel - Essay Example The current economic scenario in Palestine is not very encouraging. In the second quarter of 2007, the GDP of Palestine grew by 6.5%. The largest increases in gross value added were registered the following sectors: education (+32.1%), hotels (+24.9%), health ( +15.2%), construction (+13.9%) and agriculture (+12.8%). There was a decline however in sectors like mining, water and electricity and manufacturing. However in Gaza, due to political problems, 95% of the factories in Gaza had closed down leading to 32000 job losses. Many of these factories were approaching a point of 'no return' where owners were likely to sell their assets and shut down completely. (The Portland trust, Nov, 2007) In the previous years, between 2005 and 2006, the GDP in Palestine fell by 8.8%. In the first quarter of 2007, the GDP fell by 4.2%. This was 13.2% lower than the GDP for the first quarter of 2006.(The Portland Trust, July 2007) Besides the negative growth of the economy, it is the composition of the GDP that remains a cause for concern. The GDP is driven by Government and private consumption from aid rather than investment or production. Public sector employment for instance has increased by 60% between 1999 and 2006. Much of the foreign aid which could e used in infrastructure building is spent on salaries of government employees. (World Bank, 2007) Fig:2 Source: (World Bank Document, 2007) Even among Palestinians, the condition of those living in Gaza is particularly bad. Despite receiving aid, the number of people in Gaza living below the poverty line has increased from 21.6% in 1998 to nearly 35% in 2006. Without aid, the figure is likely to be around 67%. (World Bank, 2007) Fig:3 Source: (World Bank Document, 2007) Given the current economic scenario, it is likely that an independent Palestine face the immense challenge of managing the repercussions of years of negative economic growth and political instability. In the context of Palestine, the concept of 'peace' is crucial to the economy. According to a World Bank report, in 1968, an average Israeli was approximately 10 times richer than the average Palestinian. Today the situation is far worse. The GDP of Israel is almost 20 times that of Palestine and over 2/3rds of Palestinians live below the poverty line. (2007). This disparity in income level and lifestyle is a cause for concern. As Moshe Alamaro, a research scientist at the University of Massachusetts points out there can be no lasting peace if a destitute third world nation stress across the border to find a prosperous modern democracy. Alamaro compares the relationship between Japan and North Korea to that between in Israel and Palestine and says that Japan helped fuel economic growth in South Korea and thereby avoid any friction between the two states. Similarly, he believes that the west along with Israel needs to fuel economic growth in Palestine and thereby establish a mutually beneficial socio-economic relationship.(Alamaro, 2002) From the Palestinian perspective however, it is important to break free from the dependence on Israel. The Palestine National authority has charted a framework for Economic development. The framework suggests that dependence on Israel can be reduced by diversifying the export markets and

New diagnostic tool or intervention for the treatment of diabetes in Essay

New diagnostic tool or intervention for the treatment of diabetes in adults - Essay Example Additionally, the diet was thought to be good for use in the prevention of the cardiovascular disease, which provides an added bonus to those suffering from type II diabetes, who are contra-indicated for this risk. Summary The study itself is a comparison between two Mediterranean diets and a low-fat diet. Healthy individuals who were thought to be at risk of developing type II diabetes were given advice on how to follow one of the three diets, but were given no indications towards following any kind of physical exercise regime. The trial was non-randomized and consisted of 418 individuals aged between 55 and 80 years, and thus any benefits seen should only be used in practice for those of this age range, although benefits could be seen in those of a younger age bracket. The patients were then asked to attend a follow-up; a median time of 4.0 years after the original dietary advice was given. After this time, the incidence of type II diabetes was at 10.1% within the group whose Medit erranean diet was supplemented with olive oil, 11.0% in those whose diet was supplemented with nuts, and 17.9% in the traditional low-fat diet category. Whilst this may seem high in contrast to the normal prevalence of type II diabetes in the U.S. population (currently standing at 8.3% of the population), it must be noted that within the same age bracket the prevalence is 26.9% (American Diabetes Association, 2011). This suggests that there may be a huge impact on diabetes prevalence in the older population when following such a diet. Interestingly, although type II diabetes is associated with higher weight individuals (Hensrud, 2012), the Mediterranean diets were found to be beneficial in the absence of any change in weight or body mass. Discussion This new intervention could be extremely useful within medical practice. It suggests that in the absence of any formal intervention, there are options for those suffering from type II diabetes. The patients within the trial were not clos ely monitored, which suggests that closely following the diet is not necessary to see benefits. This would be a low-cost option for those who cannot follow expensive diet plans or those who do not have access to high-cost medicines. To integrate this principle into practice would also be extremely easy. A clinician could simply inform the patient of how the Mediterranean diet works, and the type of meal plan that might be involved. This would be associated with advice on the types of benefits that the patient is likely to see, and how substantially that this diet plan could lower the patient’s risk of developing diabetes. The patient could also be given a leaflet of advice on how to manage this new diet plan and how this would fit into a new life. However, it must be noted that the age range of the subjects in the study was between 55 and 80 years and therefore, this advice may not be beneficial to those of a younger age. This means that the advice should be carefully integra ted into practice to be given only to these individuals, as evidence has not shown benefits for those in younger age groups. Additionally, as with any new diet plan, the patient should be carefully examined to see if the plan is suitable (Moynihan et al., 2009). Explanation These findings could have a big impact on

Gang Violence and Juvenile Delinquency Research Paper

Gang Violence and Juvenile Delinquency - Research Paper Example According to the Finley (2007), cultural and social landscape has varied significantly since the establishment of the juvenile system in the early 1990s. In essence, gangs, drugs and easy accessibility to deadly weapons have contributed majorly to the increasing number of juvenile crimes including murder which currently has reached an alarming rate. They further claim that juvenile court system has insufficient resources to handle amicably the problems brought by amoral teenagers and children in the society. Rosenheim (2002) explains that the perceived clemency associated with the juvenile justice system as prescribed by the juvenile laws insinuate that it is not within the context of law for the juvenile court judge to warrant any form of punishment for the young criminal but to issue rehabilitation assistance to the juvenile. This has highly contributed to the juvenile system lack of capacity of correcting the amoral behavior fostered by the young but violent children. The system b ased on the current situation juvenile law stimulates a rotating-door course that leads the message that juvenile criminals are not held responsible for their wrong doings and not until these offenders are subjected to adults criminal courts that when they experience punishment for the first time in their lives. Based on my analysis, the law should be revised to allow for the punishing of the juveniles criminals in the first instance as this would prevent future amoral activities when the juvenile offender shall have grown into adult. In addition, accordance with the juvenile law, it is prohibited to release the juvenile criminal perpetrators from the authority of the juvenile court at an age above eighteen years. Serving less years in juvenile jail for an offense which would have earned an adult ten or more years sentence is unjust. For effective operation and success of this system, punishment for the misconduct should be the same irrespective of the age of the offender (Whitehead and Steven, 2006). Owing to these inadequacies and problems associated with juvenile laws, many critics have proposed for its complete overhaul or amendment of some of its laws, failure of which the crime rate among the young perpetrators would continue to escalate in the society. According to Scott and Steinberg (2008) some of these mitigation measures are juveniles should have complete DUEPROCESS rights such as right to trial by jury in the same way adult criminals are tried, freedom from the rehabilitation ideology associated with the juvenile system, allowing the juvenile to be tried to court once the young perpetrators are convicted and letting the juveniles to be accountable for their amoral actions. Theories of Delinquency Causation According to Banduras social theory, people acquire knowledge via observing others’ attitudes, behavior and results of those behaviors. Based on this theory, majority of human conduct is learned through observation and modeling. This infer s that through observing how others conduct themselves, one comes up with the idea of how newly acquired behaviors are carried out and eventually this explicit information works as a blueprint

Literature Review Of Companies And Supermarkets

Literature Review Of Companies And Supermarkets As companies/supermarkets have race to introduced technology that enables the customers to get service on their own (Bitner, M. Amy, L. Ostrom and Matthew, L. 2002). Growing number of customers interacted with the technology to create service outcomes instead with a service firm employee (Matthew, L. Amy, L. Ostrom, Robert, I. And Bitner, M. July 2000). The overall affect model is based on the consumers feelings toward the use of technology (Pratibha A. and Dabholkar 1996). The Supermarkets which introduce self-service checkout systems wish to gain rapid acceptance and usage of these technologies by potential consumers. (Jungki, L. and Allaway, A. 2002) According to Merriam-Websters Dictionary (2008), Innovation is a new idea, method or device, or the introduction of something new.Drejer (2002) argues that innovation is more than just invention, that idea cannot be innovative as a pure, it must be put in practice and be commercialized; otherwise it is too earlier to speak of innovation. Blackmon (1996) provide us with the best summary for a context of this research: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ technological change is used to describe changes in knowledge that increase the volume of output or allow a qualitatively superior output from a given amount of resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and thus in driving organizational evolution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The sales profit is a simple conceptual framework chain to linking with the employee satisfaction as well as customer satisfaction and financial performance. This sales profit chain is the relationships between employee and customer satisfaction (Gary, W. and Loveman, 1998). The benefit of the customer retention and satisfaction has been characterized by using the repurchase intention or a factor score of quite a few measures repurchase goal, and price tolerance. So that the purpose to use the customers management strategy that is the based on managing both satisfaction and benefit of customer retention (Narayandas, D. 1998). Performance expectation and the actual performance have major significance in the Evaluation process, as we need to determine the dimension of product and service performance. Most customers do not switch from satisfied seller to their competitors, but, there are several factors that could affect customer behaviour to switch to different service provider such as mistake in core service failure, service encounter failures, variable prices, inconvenience, responsive to service failures, attraction by competitors, ethical behaviours and involuntary switching etc. (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 2004). Retailers need to analyze what makes a new product from the point of view by the customer if customers facing problems understanding the reason behind the introduction of new self-service checkout systems (SSC) they will not use the system. As we launch new self-service systems, we need to analyse the consumer behaviour as well. The consumer should be involved in some way or another at most stages in the introduction of self-service checkout system. Every retail or sales companies should take care of customer wants and needs (Wright, R. 2006). Consumers feel a sense of pleasure in understanding that they have found a unique store that they can, and do, frequent. This suggestion is suggested on the notion of value as a function of both worth (Oliver, 1999) and scarcity. People feel good when they find something of worth that is not easily available the feel good feeling from the ordinary and the mundane, is different from satisfaction in that it consists qualitative effects such as enjoyment and happiness. In contract, satisfaction is an evaluative judgment (Oliver, 1997) and more cognitive in nature (Howard and Sheth, 1969). Satisfaction can be defined as a cognitive evaluation resulting from the fulfilment expectations. Satisfaction is a judgment based on either a cognitive or emotional appraisal, made by the customer whether his or her expectations were met (Oliver, 1997). Positive affect is a pleasurable emotional response (Bogozzi, Gopinath, and Nyer, 1999). If organizations want to consider total customer experience, satisfaction by itself is a weak measurement (Barlow and Maul, 2000) As a result, when a consumer experiences more differentiation value in the store, consumer will be more likely to feel more positive responses toward the store (Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982) The literature in retailing and customer behaviour has identified commitment as ones motivation to keep a relationship with the retailer (Bendapudi and Berry, 1997 and Fournier, 1998).The self-service checkout system (SSC) into the service come across necessitates research to improved understand customers attitudes toward overhaul providers and technologies, and their intentions to employ technology-based facility delivery systems. In this research, the authors build up and experiment three structural models that include a pecking instruct of consumer attitudes toward together the psychological and the technological factors of the come across to better appreciate their intentions to utilize Self Service Technologies. The result indicates that intentions to exercise self-service technologies options are ambitious by manifold, hierarchical attitudes. In calculation to the direct belongings of attitudes toward exact self-service technologies and individual employees, the findings corrob orate that higher direct worldwide attitudes toward service technologies pressure intentions to use self-service technologies. fascinatingly, the findings indicate that heavy self-service technologies users rely more on attitudes toward specific self-service technologies than do light self-service technologies users, who rely more heavily on universal attitudes toward self-service technologies when formative intention to utilize an self-service technologies. (James, M. Matthew, L. Meuter and Carol, F. 2003) Kano Model Analysis: The customer satisfaction model from professor Kano is a marketing and quality management approach that can be used for assessing and establishing customer satisfaction and happiness. Kano model has six categories of customer quality characteristics, but, only the first three specially relate to customer satisfaction. (Kano, 2007) These factors are: Basic factors Excitement factors Performance factors Basic factors The prerequisite factors that will cause dissatisfaction if they are not met, but, do not establish customer satisfaction. If they are fulfilled or cross expectations customer regard this as essential and basic factors contribute to market entrance threshold Excitement factors These requirements if they are met can increase customer level satisfaction, but, if they do not meet the requirements, do not cause customer dissatisfaction. These factors come to customers as surprise and create satisfaction. A company can come out from crowd from competitors in a positive way using these factors. Performance factors These factors are concerned with the performance level. So, we can conclude that customer satisfaction is directly related to the performance level, if the performance level is high, then, customer satisfaction will be met, but, if the performance level is low, cause dissatisfaction. These factors are directly related to customer desires, wants and needs etc. So, company should try to be competitive in a market. (Adapted from Prof. Kano, 1994) Customer point of view in relation to Self Service Checkout System (SSC) Researcher forecasting about the adaptation of the self service checkout system have been gone against the past recommendation, instead, customers are using this technology more and embrace this technology with open arms. Reasons for Supermarket to adopt this technology: Customers do prefer to use their bank cards in privacy and anonymity. Queue awaiting time reduction; Need for self-service; Quick payment; Shoppers feel empowered; Retail market is shifting towards radio frequency identification which will replace the bar code. However this might be a foundation for increasing working hours, as supermarkets not depending on a cashier. Due it is not many research have been done in the UK the USA practise might be relevant for this research and will be in future referred as a compare base. Theoretical Framework Porters competitive advantage theory is a classical and one of the foundational in business literature, however lately it was criticized by some authors (Day and Wensley, 1988 and Hunt and Morgan, 1995). Therefore some complementary concepts have been suggested. In order to reinforce research the Porters value-chain theory was complemented with the more current Value-Network model of Stabell and Fjeldstad (Stabell and Fjeldstad, 1998). Value-chain theory and the value network model are presenting the different activities of a company where value can be configured and added through SSC systems. This model allows the researchers to investigate the different activities of companies on which the implementation of technology-based self-service as an innovation can have an effect. Theoretical Framework Implication In order to fully understand the impact of introducing SSC in ASDA supermarkets it is necessary to look into: role and importance of innovation in a business context, product life cycle connected to SSC; competitive advantage theory and complementary concepts, value chain theory, and finally the importance of customer relationship management in the new self-service economy. Innovation Before we are going to analyze stage it is important to understand what innovation in business context is. The full understanding can be obtained through definition of the term. According to Merriam-Websters Dictionary (2008), Innovation is a new idea, method or device, or the introduction of something new. Drejer (2002) argues that innovation is more than just invention, that idea cannot be innovative as a pure, it must be put in practice and be commercialized; otherwise it is too earlier to speak of innovation. Blackmon (1996) provide us with the best summary for a context of this research: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ technological change is used to describe changes in knowledge that increase the volume of output or allow a qualitatively superior output from a given amount of resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and thus in driving organizational evolution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In the following relation, the innovation in a business context is a product, device, service, programme, service provider, or methods of services delivery that are new, unusual, or in other ways different from those previously used and positively reflects in overall output of the organization in form of added value directly to the organization or its customers. In the case of this research, innovation in form of SSC brings changes into service delivery. In order to understand the impact of the innovation it is necessary to understand to which area of service delivery it related. Dabholkar (2003) made a classification of technology in service delivery with three dimensions. By whom the service is delivered and who operates the technology. Where the service is delivered (at the shop or in customers home); and how the service is delivered. Depending on which category the service belongs to different factors will affect the customers evaluation of the service quality. This classification can be useful in guiding companies in the development of their marketing strategies when implementing SSC systems. Table At service site At customers place Direct contact Customer goes to service site and performs service using technology at service site. E.g. ATM, self-service at retail checkouts. Customer uses technology from home/office to perform service. E.g. internet shopping. Indirect contact Customer goes to service site and uses automated telephone system to perform service. E.g. automated wake-up calls at Hotels. Customer calls automated telephone service from home/office to perform service. E.g. automated ticket-ordering over telephone. Source: Dabholkar, 1994 in Anselmsson, 2001, page 13. Shadowed cell is the relevant technology for this research. Using this type of SSC, the customer goes to the service site and performs the service by using the technology provided at the service site. This implies a greater importance and wider range of quality issues in the interactive marketing function of the organisation. Product/service life Cycle In a business context everything is going through different level, stages of performance. It is similar to the any life development. From the cell of life to the maturity and death, the products are repeating same way from idea to implementation and ultimately death. Particularly in our case the service as well as product must be planned and introduce to employees, customers and eventually be accepted by them. It is crucial for the managers to adjust and control its performance while it goes through different stages. The effect respectively will be also different on different stages. Therefore, considering the life cycle of SSC systems is important when investigating the effects on company competitiveness. Figure: Source Cordiant Technologies Limited The product life cycle tend to go through the five stages of products: Service/product development; Market introduction; Growth stage; Mature stage; Stage of decline. Each stage is different in effectiveness of the product, expenses, revenue, etc. The first stage usually money intensive as there is no sales revenue and all expenses are covered by different organizations activities, in our case no effectiveness gain from reducing cost of operation. Stage two is quite expensive in our case as technological cost is very high. The purchase of the machineries and shops infrastructure adjustments to accommodate it are required. Moreover the staff and customers trainings and special promotions materials must be prepared. The third stage is continuous use of SSC by customers and therefore operational cost reduction becomes positive revenue, which might cover the marketing expenses. The fourth stage is characterised by very low costs of operation as number of customers who is using it increased. The final stage might come as soon as more efficient and productive technology will arrive and current become outdated. (Day, 1981) The progression of a product through these stages is not certain however. Some products may stay in the mature stage forever, for example commodities such as milk, others might not even rich stage of maturity. These products go through their life cycle as marketers marketing mix strategies change. For example, advertising is informative stage of the introduction, maturity stages, winning in the growth and in the decline stage reminder-oriented. In the early stages the promotional budget tends to be highest, and as the product gradually taper off matures and decline. Product characteristics, pricing, distribution also tend to change. (Day, 1981) The concept of product life cycle, applied to Self Service Checkout System (SSC) innovations, has also been introduced as an important concept that also contributes to affecting competitiveness. The Value-Chain Porters value chain framework today still is the accepted language for representing and analyzing the logic of firm-level value creation, and is also a framework for analyzing firm-level competitive strengths and weaknesses. In value chain analysis competitive advantage is understood by these discrete activities of the value creation process that contribute to the firms relation cost place and produce a basis for segregation. These activities are the building blocks from which a product or process is created that is valuable to the firms customers. The different activities have different economics and thus contribute differently to the valuable characteristics of the product or process. The value creating activities in Porters model are divided in two levels. Primary activities consist of directly interact to create and bring value to the customer, while support activities facilitate and develop the performance of the primary activities. Figure: Source: (Porter, 1985, 1990) The primary activity level consists of five actions: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, promotion and sales and service. The maintain actions are procurement, technology growth, human supply management, and firm infrastructure. It is important to note that the different activity categories are not the same as organizational functions. Using the value chain for analysis, costs and assets are assigned to the value activities as a first step, and are further analyzed as structural drivers related to the scale and scope of the firm, linkages across activities, and environmental factors. Cost and value drivers are usually analyzed separately. Moreover, drivers are partly related to internal relationships, partly to external factors, and partly to relationships between internal and external factors as well. The main drivers of value are policy decisions made by product and segment choices when the firm is established or repositioned. (Stabell and Fjeldstad, 1998) According to Porter, the value-creating logic of his value chain with its generic activity categories is valid for firms in all industries. However, he further states that the specific activities that are vital to a firms competitive advantage depend on which industry the firm operates. (Porter, 1985, 1990) Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998) however have investigated the application of the value chain model to a variety of industries and have experienced problems in applying the value chain frame work to more than two-dozen firms. They have found that the value chain is suitable for describing and understanding the value creation logic of manufacturing firms, but that it proves problematic when analyzing activities in service industry firms. They argue that problems arise from difficulty to assign and analyze activities in terms of the five generic primary value chain categories proposed by Porter, leading to unclear explanations of value creation. Therefore, Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998) suggest that the value chain can be considered as one of three generic value configurations to facilitate the understanding and analysis of firm-level value-creation logic for a broad range of industries and firms. The additional two value models besides the value-chain are the value network and the value shop. The importance shop model applies to firms where price is created by mobilizing income and performance to resolve an exacting customer difficulty, for example professional service firms dealing with medicine, law, architecture and engineering. The value network model refers to firms that generate cost by facilitating an organization relationship among their customers using a mediator technology. Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998) also propose alternative presentation formats for both models that represent their unique value creation logic. For the purpose of this research both Porters value chain and Stabell and Fjeldstads value network is of importance. Although Stabell and Fjeldstad state that according to their findings the value chain is mostly useful for manufacturing firms, for our investigation of supermarkets traditional operations, the value chain is most fitting, with one small alteration. However, in also considering the introduction of a new type of service offering through technology-based self-service checkouts, it is found necessary to complement the value chain model with the value network model in order to be able to capture the value adding activities of SSC. The combination of the different value-creating logics, as suggested for this research, has also been proposed by Norman and Ramirez (1993). Since the main purpose of the research is to investigate the effects of SSC in supermarkets, the value network is of central importance, which is discussed in further detail below. The Value Network Value networks use a mediating technology to link clients and customers who wish to be interdependent. According to Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998), the firm provides a networking service through the mediating technology and thus facilitates exchange relationships among customers distributed in space and time. For the consideration of SSC, the value network idea is modified to mean that the firm is the network itself, linking its customers not to each other but to the firm itself, facilitating a more interdependent exchange relationship between the firm and its customers. Customer Satisfaction To measure the customer satisfaction of how your organisation`s `total product` performs in relation to a set of customer requirements. (Gower, 1999) If you like to measure the customer satisfaction of the customers and you need direction exactly what you are measuring. Understanding the concept of customer satisfaction is very easy and can be done by assuming yourself as a customer in a supermarket. Satisfaction is simple. If you get what you wanted and your requirements are met, you are satisfied. The starting point of a customer satisfaction management is to set the objectives. There are different customer satisfaction objectives that can be set. Customers` requirements (important ratings) Customer satisfaction (Satisfaction ratings) Comparison with other organizations PFIs (priorities for improvement) Customer satisfaction index A track able measure of satisfaction The internal perspective Firstly, you should identify customers` requirements and there are many things customers want and need but we need to identify most relative of customer requirements. Secondly, you must measure customer satisfaction. Organisational performance is directly related to customer satisfaction and list of customers` requirements. Thirdly, if you could go a bit further to analyse the customers` requirements as compared to other same organisations. (In our example `supermarket`) This will give you the opportunity to get the benchmarking. By using benchmarking, you could analyse the requirements of your supermarket customers` as satisfied or not satisfied. Fourthly, after getting the customers` satisfaction measures, you can use these measures to produce some survey outcomes and the first of that step is to identify the PFIs (Priorities for improvement) Fifth, you will need to measure the overall customers` satisfaction. We call it a satisfaction index and it will indicate us to monitor progress from the one year to the next for the overall customers` satisfaction. Finally, customers` satisfaction survey has to be done inside the supermarket to know about the understanding of employees about their customers` requirements. It will help any supermarket to indentify that if their employees know about their customers` requirements and can indentify gaps. An internal survey can also be used to help the management to make the decision making process and strategic management. (Gower, 1999) Achieving Customer Satisfaction: Customer satisfaction is measured frequently. Sampling is extensive. Surveys are quantitative as well as qualitative. The measures are taken very seriously. They are reviewed unfailingly by Top management: the development of such measures is taken very seriously as the development of budgetary measures or product reliability measures. Evaluation of people in all functions at all levels is significantly affected by the satisfaction measures. (Tom Peter, a Passion for Excellence) Customer delight seems very credible people say things like: In today`s competitive markets customer satisfaction is no longer enough; you have to delight the customers, give them something they did not expect to keep their business. In customer satisfaction, the link between customer loyalty, customer retention and profitability can make get better customer satisfaction. It has been shown that customer retention can boost profit of the supermarket as it is very easy to keep the existing customers than getting new customers. After getting the trend data and established the satisfaction- loyalty ratio in your market for your organisation, you make some models. Some companies now have `business performance models` based on their customer satisfaction management survey results that have quantified the exact links between customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, sales and profit. They know that how much one percent improvement in customer satisfaction will improve loyalty how much that contributes to profits. Precisely, this is a very powerful forecasting tool. Customer satisfaction Business success Employee satisfaction Customer Retention Figure: (Ch. BABAR 2010) Customer Satisfaction and the Performance: Customer satisfaction can be defined as more loyal customer and it involves emotional and complicated process. Every customer has certain level of product or service expectation and desire. If customer expectation level increased as a result of using that product or service, then, customer experiences satisfaction. (Simon Homburg 1998, Page 44) However, Satisfaction has also recently been described as the emotional reaction to this cognitively defined process of comparison. (Homburg and Rudolph 1995, page 31) In this context, customer experiences that the outcome of the process of comparison will not always give the correct result about the expected satisfaction outcome and actual level of satisfaction outcome. Instead, direct effect of these outcomes or satisfaction levels also interacts with satisfaction. (Bolton et al. 1991 page 376) The customer satisfaction has been in research for long time, mostly research and investigation has been done on the customer satisfaction, but, not on the customer retention. It is the experience and attitude of the employee in closest contact with customers that customers are satisfied, loyal and customer retention has been achieved. The Satisfaction is an a overall attitude of customer towards the service provider (Levesque and McDougall, 1996) The companies are more successful, later research has showed if they adopt customer retention rather than customer satisfaction. (Knox, 1998) Customer satisfaction brings many benefits. Satisfied customers are fewer prices sensitive; they purchase more items, not go to competitors and stay longer. (Zineldin, 2000) Customer satisfaction is directly related with the customer complaint process management. If customer complains more, then, it increases more customer satisfaction. Customer complains about the product or service he/she receives, then, supermarket can achieve more customer satisfaction (Johnston, 2001) The product innovations, staff service, price, convenience and business profile are all determinants of customer satisfaction. (Athanassopoulos, 2000) Later, Bejou et al. (1998) propose that customer satisfaction can be enhanced through relationships, provided they are developed and managed to the customer`s satisfaction Customer retention is not directly related with the customer satisfaction. Sometime customer do not change service provider because of the alternative circumstances, but, customer satisfaction level remain the same. Sometime customers do not have any choice to change their service provider, so, they stick with their existing provider. Hallowell (1996) argues that customer satisfaction cannot produce life time customer loyalty even though customer satisfaction has been increased, but, retention can be related with customer satisfaction. Retention can be understandable as to do business or exchange a commitment to continue with a particular company on an ongoing basis. (Zineldin, 2000) Retaining old customers are easy and cheap to keep as compared to the new customers because they are more loyal and less price sensitive. They keep their loyalty to their existing service provider and do not change their loyalty to the new service provider. It increases customer retention, satisfaction, lower price sensitivity, higher market share, higher productivity and higher efficiencies. (Reichheld, 1995) The authors suggest that in order to retain customers, companies should always change and developing their product and services to meet the ever changing needs of customers. The concept of acquiring, developing and retaining customers from a cognitive and affective perspective, they provide examples of how cognitive and affects are used to increase retention. (Desai and Mahajan, 1998) Customer satisfaction is a direct determining factor in customer loyalty, which, in turn, is a main presentation of customer retention. (Gerpott et al., 2001) Customer satisfaction can be achieved by customer retention. Customer complaint process can increase the level of customer satisfaction that result in customer retention. Employee perspective is also very important with relation of the customers. Individual relationship with the customer can boost the level of customer satisfaction. It is direct related with the mental theories of customer and employee perspectives. Managers should be aware of customer wants and needs as well as employee mental perspective. Different employees keep different level of relationship with the customers that could affect the customer satisfaction and retention level. Therefore, Managers must keep eye into employee/customer relationship and set realistic goals to achieve. (Spreng et al, 1995) Good section Customer Retention Customer retention is directly linked with the customer satisfaction. The framework guide managers to decide which part of customer satisfaction has more collision, which part of customer satisfaction needs to be improve and make strategies to retain existing customers. An individual level model of loyalty and customer retention has been developed, that can be used to predict effects of service level improvement at supermarket. Customer satisfaction has been changed recently from transactional marketing to relationship marketing. (Grà ¶nroos, Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1994) To all marketing activities directed toward establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchanges (Morgan and Hunt, 1994) Customer satisfaction has been treated as essential instrument for the customer retention, has gained significant importance in relational marketing approaches. (Rust and Zahorik, 1993) Kotler sums this up when he states: The key to customer retention is customer satisfaction (Ko

Radical Issues in the Colonies :: essays research papers

During the colonial period of America, many colonists struggled with the laws imposed upon them by England. The struggle grew over the years until many Americans had developed a revolutionary attitude toward their mother country. This attitude not only led the colonists into the American Revolution which freed them from the rule of England, but also influenced the ways in which the various colonies chose to govern themselves. The experience of colonial rule caused the new Americans to denounce certain aspects of government which had been a part of their colonial society and, in fact, seemed somewhat radical at the time. However, the most revolutionary act they seem to have accomplished was the war for independence itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Virginia Declaration of Rights, which served as a basis for many Bills of Rights in state constitutions, laid out basic rights of men as the foundation of their new government. The idea that â€Å"all men are by nature equally free and independent† is then qualified in the document itself by the phrase â€Å"when they enter into a state of society.† The phrase regarding society is intended to exclude slaves from the â€Å"free and independent† status given to all other men. John Ross expanded on this theme at a New York state convention where he stated that blacks are â€Å"seldom, if ever, required to share in the common burthens or defence of the state† and are â€Å"incapable†¦of exercising that privilege with any sort of discretion, prudence, or independence.† Colonel Samuel Young, speaking at the same convention where Ross stated his views, felt that blacks would â€Å"sell their votes to the highest bidder.† The views seem oddly the same, though blacks were no longer slaves in New York at that time. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1980 started the abolition slavery by laying out the conditions under which slaves and people born into slavery would eventually be free. Basically, it limited the time a person could be held as a slave and granted other rights to â€Å"Negroes and Mulattoes.† In particular, the Act stated that the crimes of Negroes and Mulattoes would be judged and punished the same as crimes of the â€Å"other inhabitants of this state,† but did denote that a slave could not testify against a freeman. This limitation perpetuated the idea that slaves and black people were not on equal footing with white men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s world, the remnants of a time when blacks were viewed as inferior to whites can still be seen, yet it is difficult to imagine that the statements made in documents which were designed to declare the rights of people in America are so boldly prejudiced.

What led to the American Revolution?

After the French and Indian War, which was a brutal battle against the British colonies and New France, Britain had an enormous debt to pay off. The British Empire looked to he colonies to help pay off the money, but colonists were not at all compliant with this. Nevertheless, Britain went ahead with their plans and enforced several acts that not only restricted the colonists In Issues pertaining to their economy. But also created much dissatisfaction with life in the colonies.The constant shifts in British policies regarding economic policies and trade designed to benefit the British Empire, especially the Stamp Act, Townsend Act, and Tea Act, caused much discontent amongst colonists, thus sparking a sense of rebellion that led to the orientation of unified, organized groups and ultimately the American Revolution. The Stamp Act, enforced In 1765, spurred a rebellion that later helped to create the Stamp Act Congress. The Stamp Act virtually taxed the colonists on nearly every piece of printed paper, such as newspapers and legal documents.Though the outraged colonists saw it as unjust, the British thought their enforcement was justified. As Thomas Whitely, advisor of the man who wrote the initial Stamp Act, said in â€Å"Considerations†¦ † † , , [the British] are not yet recovered from a War undertaken solely for [the Americans'] Protection†¦ Hey should contribute to the Preservation of the Advantages they have received†. According to this, the Brothels thought their primary reason for being so In debt was due to the wars they had been fighting In America towards the colonists' favor.Whitely believed that colonists should also partake in contributing towards paying off the debt. The Stamp Act became the first blatant attempt of the British to use the colonists and their growing economy to benefit the Empire. Because this act's intentions were so obvious, the colonists had extremely opposing reaction. Colonists also began boycotting stamps and goods to bell against the act. They also formed the Stamp Act Congress to devise a unified protest against the taxation.According to Patrick Henry, â€Å"the Taxation of the People by themselves, or by Person chosen by themselves to represent them, who can only know what Taxes the People are to bear†¦ Is the only Security against a burdensome Taxation, and the distinguishing Characteristics of British Freedom†. This quote from Henry portrayed the colonists' perspective on the phrase â€Å"No Taxation Without Representation† and that colonists would only find taxation fair If they were allowed o discuss their own pollens to Parliament that would actually be taken Into consideration.Overall, the Stamp Act caused discontent amongst colonists while also causing more rebellious behavior to arise. The Townsend Acts were another series of policies that greatly angered colonists, especially merchants, in that through these acts, the colonists realized the immen se and unjust control the British had over them. These acts focused particularly on following were all practical necessities at that time. Though these acts went against mercantilism in that they were bound to discourage British manufacturers and encourage manufacturers from the colonies, the creator of this taxation demanded to have this enforced no matter what.The Townsend Acts also shut down the New York assembly, who had been providing part of the money needed to house British troops when the Quartering Act was imposed. The act shut down the assembly until the full amount lost from the Boston Tea Party was appropriated. In response to this, John Dickinson, who had served in the Stamp Act Congress, stated â€Å"There is another late act of parliament which appears to me to be unconstitutional, and†¦ Destructive to the bibber of theses colonies†¦ The Townsend Acts claim the authority to impose duties on theses colonies, not for the regulation of trade†¦ UT for the single purpose of levying money upon us†. This depicts the true perspective of colonists. These acts were not enforced for the purpose of Just gaining more authority over colonists and their trade, but also exhibited the immense power the British held over the colonists. Britain taking away the assembly was what hit colonists the hardest. Though the portion with taxation on goods mostly impacted merchants, the rest were still greatly angered by how the British shut down the assembly.They began to ponder on the possibilities of Britain taking away the rights of having any assemblies since they had disassembled New Work's. This caused much uproar in the colonies, who did not want their only ties to somewhat of a government taken away by the British yet again. The imposition of the Tea Act in 1773 especially riled up colonists, even women, which proved even more that the acts were truly intolerable in that women were not very active in the rebellion up until then. At the time, th e East India Company was trundling to survive.This act helped the company and gave it the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying any regular taxes that were imposed on colonial merchants. To the colonists, it was Just another scheme from Britain to solve their issues by using the colonies towards their benefit. They opposed this act because it affected the already-standing taxation on colonists. Also, not only was the money from the act put towards helping a British company, it went towards the fund to pay of Britain's war debt from the French and Indian War. In response, he colonists boycotted British tea.In a tea party that occurred in Denton, North Carolina, the women who participated stated they were â€Å"determined to give memorable proof of their patriotism†¦ And could not be indifferent on any occasion that appears nearly to affect the peace and happiness of [their] country'. They would do anything if it meant that they were able to be free from the harsh acts from Britain. In addition, this statement was given by women who were, at the time, supposed to stay in their homes and complete housework activities such as cooking, sewing, and cleaning.This resisting behavior was unfitting to the standards of women and the act obviously discontented colonists so much that women felt the need to become involved in the political affairs. All in all, the Stamp Act, Townsend Act, and Tea Act, as well as many of the other acts, caused colonists to become discontent with life under the rule of the British. For a long time, they had been dissatisfied, but these impositions brought about a rebellious attitude that spurred colonists to resist their new common enemy: the United States evolved greatly that ultimately transformed it into how it is today.

Mexican War of Independence essays

Mexican War of Independence essays The Mexican War of Independence was certainly a unique one compared to the other Latin American Wars of Independence. After the American and the French Revolution, Mexico could not stay behind on being controlled by the Spanish. This struggle for liberty was caused by three internal factors; the social oppression before the War of Independence, events such as the Grito de Dolores, and the Plan of Iguala. The social oppression sparked the people into consideration for a reform in the area, Grito de Dolores becoming the act that demonstrated the people ¡Ã‚ ¯s thoughts about the situation, and the Plan of Iguala becoming the statement that showed what the  ¡Ã‚ °Mexicans ¡ wanted. These three factors become crucial for the development of the Wars of Independence which becomes a key period for the history of Mexico. The people in Mexico were furious about the oppression they were experiencing in the nation. Privileges were given to the high class, especially the Peninsulares; the Spanish born people, so the people who were in the middle and lower class felt unfairness. This sensation of inequality was commonly among the Criollos the people Spanish people born in the colonies, where they were not given the same privileges as the Peninsulares. Their main concern was how the Peninsulares were the people who were governing the colonies; the Criollos wanted to take control over the colonies by themselves. Since the Bourbon Reforms taking effect in Europe, the Spanish colonies became unsettled; where the Spanish born were trying to tax the colonists in order to restore the economic stability. The increase of sales tax hit the colonists. Wealthy Creoles were repeatedly being pressured by the Spanish born in Mexico (Peninsulares) and the Crown in Spain. The sale of church lands was becoming usu al and it impacted the priests dramatically. The Indian communities were also harassed by a demand of a greater tribute than the previous ...

12 Steps to Writing a Research Proposal

12 Steps to Writing a Research Proposal A guideline on writing a research proposal. Follow 12 steps described in the article below to write a research proposal effectively. There is a number of useful tips that can be used for writing an effective thesis proposal. First, remember that a thesis proposal is generally written in a present or future tense. When you write your actual master’s thesis, you will need to use past tense. Below you will find the main steps that will show you how to write a research proposal. Want to know more about what a research proposal is? Below is the article explaining what a research proposal is: WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROPOSAL? A Guideline on Writing a Research Proposal Step 1: Make a great introduction.  The part that is designed to capture your reader’s attention is the introduction to your master thesis proposal. It is a good idea to write it last, that way it is more likely to become interesting and you will sound like you know what to do. This recommendation might seem strange at first; however, it’s perfectly logical because once everything has been researched, written and checked, you will have a good picture of what the end product is like. With this picture in mind, it’s best to work on the introductory part of your paper last. Step 2: State the problem.  Voice your research question. You might want to restate it in the form of the sentence so that your reader understands it better. Step 3: Provide background.  Explain how the problem emerged. Give some background information on the issue you are going to research to substantiate the need for the problem resolution. Step 4: Declare the purpose.  You should necessarily mention the purpose of your dissertation in the thesis proposal. Step 5: State significance.  Mentioning the significance of the problem will add value to your research project. Step 6:  Explain methods.  Your reader should be aware of the methods your research project is going to utilize. Step 7: Review literature.  A master’s research proposal is unthinkable without reviewing literature that is relevant to the topic of research. A thorough analysis of the literature sources should be conducted and clearly explained in the proposal. Do not forget to mention any alternative viewpoints on the topic; they might be useful in researching your question. Step 8: Formulate a clear hypothesis.  Hypothesis section sets the goal for the thesis. If it is clear and understandable, the entire research project will become clear and easy to carry out. Step 9: Define your terms.  Your proposal will be read by people who might not fully understand your dissertation and the terms it uses. You will need to provide a definition for every term you are using in your master’s thesis. Step 10: Tell your reader about your research assumptions.  The research proposal for your master’s thesis should contain the basic assumptions you are making while working on the essay. Step 11: Define scope and limitations.  Any research has its scope and limitations; you just can’t cover everything with just one research project. Clearly, state the limitations and scope for your study and outline possibility for subsequent research. Step 12: Explain the procedure.  Your reader should be aware of the procedure you are going to follow in the writing process. You will need to explain what and how will be done within the framework of your research. These simple steps will allow you to come up with a research proposal that will high chances of getting approved either by your advisor or the board of advisors. Once the research proposal is completed and approved, we can move on to reviewing the basic thesis structure. Here is a great list of research proposal topics: 50 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPICS FOR MASTERS DISSERTATION In case you want our writers to create a custom-written research proposal for you, let us know. All the outlined steps have proven their efficiency for getting the research proposal approved. We are also open to revising your research proposal outline and format until it becomes truly effective. Our writers can also review, revise and proofread your essay in case you have completed it yourself and want to have it reviewed by a professional writer. Whatever the case please visit the order page and we will start working on your research proposal.

How situational leadership can help raise your organisation's Essay

How situational leadership can help raise your organisation's performance - Essay Example Over the period of time, there have been different attempts to define leadership and its overall impact on the organization. There has been extensive research on understanding the relationship between the organizational performance as well as the style of leadership. Different authors have attempted to link specific leadership styles with the way an organization performs when a particular set of leadership style is in place. Situational leadership is one such concept outlining that there is no single best concept or style of leadership. The best leadership therefore is task related and therefore the most successful leadership is the one which can easily adapt its style to the level of maturity. Robbins et.al outline that the overall performance of the leader as well as the organization critically depends upon the nature of the relationships between the followers and the leaders. Under situational leadership, the overall organizational effectiveness as well as the performance largely depends upon what followers do and how they do it. The overall organizational performance under the situational leadership therefore largely depends upon the notion of the task as well as the supportive behavior from the followers. This paper will therefore discuss as to how the situational leadership can actually allow an organization to perform better and how it can raise the performance standards of the organization. Leadership Defined Over the period of time, it has been unanimously agreed by almost all the academics and researchers that leadership is probably the single most important factor in the success and failure of an organization. One of the lasting impressions of the successful leaders is that the environment and culture set by the leaders remain after they depart. Such a lasting influence and impact on the way leaders impact the organizations and societies therefore deserve special attention in carefully defining the overall concept of leadership. (Boaden, 2006) Accord ing to Robbins et.al there are different explanations and definitions of leadership which have evolved over the period of time. It is however, critical to note that the different authors have disagreed on the use of formal as well as informal influence as an integral part of the overall leadership concept. (Robbins, Millett, & Waters-Marsh, 1998) According to Robbins et.al the leadership is the ability to influence others in order to achieve common goals which can contribute towards any worthwhile goal. (Robbins, Millett, R, & Waters-Marsh, 1998) This definition therefore outlines some important ideas regarding leadership besides indicating the parameters within which leadership as a concept can be assessed. Robbins et.al have also clearly separated the use of force and use of influence as two different aspects and it has been argued that the leaders do not force others to do something but rather they influence them to achieve a common goal. Apart from achievement of common goals, l eaders are also expected to give a shared vision as well as a worthwhile purpose. Situational Leadership Situational leadership is a relatively new concept developed two different authors during 1970s and 1980s. Developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, the theories of situational leadership are considered as one of the most important contributions towards the field of leadership and its impact on the organizations. Both the authors have developed their own set of theories and models based on the situational leadership concepts. The basic or core idea behind the concept of situational leadership is based on the idea that there is no preferred style of leadership whereas the effectiveness of a leader can be judged only by the ability of the leader to adapt to maturity. The leaders therefore are considered

Sustainability in Global Business The German Car Industry BMW Statistics Project

Sustainability in Global Business The German Car Industry BMW - Statistics Project Example The company enjoys a strong brand name as customers view their products as offering premier value. In spite of the company’s standing, it faces significant environmental and socio-political risks in the next 50 years. Germany continues to enjoy a distinct position in the global automotive industry. For instance, German cars account for 17 percent of the world’s passenger car production. In the domestic Germany’s scenario, the car industry remains the most vital sector in the economy. The car industry, in this sense, serves both a functional and aesthetic purpose since it brands the country. The German cars, for instance, have manifested the country as capable of impeccable efficiency. Germany remains the Europe’s largest automobile producer with the highest concentration of OEM plants in the continent. This also reflects in the industry’s annual investment of EUR 19.6 billion towards research and development (Nooteboom 2006, p. 56). As a result, the country records 10 new auto patents in a day. In the contemporary business setting, industries have a role beyond the pursuit of profits. This happens as individuals realize that businesses create externalities to the environment. One of the externalities that businesses consistently create to the society is destruction of the environment. Pollution from industries emit substances in the environment that interferes with the sustainability of the ecosystem and, especially, threatens the future of human life. Environment is a key concern in the sustainability campaigns. It is essential to highlight that automobiles highly contribute to global emission levels. This occurs since petroleum fuels are the main source of energy for car movement. The EU offers an analysis and regulation measures that best defines the current state and targets. The EU reports that cars are responsible for about 12 percent of aggregate emissions of carbon dioxide, which is the major greenhouse gas. According to one of the

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example The most impressive thing about SA is its low-cost offerings for all of its routes in the market. In spite of its low cost, its services were excellent and flights were on schedule. When its rivals assumed that SA will soon be out of business, the airline not only survived but also prospered and could multiply its fleets from three planes in 1971 to over 500 planes in 2010. It is the only career in the US to make consistent profits since 1973 due to its low operating cost and customer oriented services. Q. What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in crafting the company’s strategy? What is it that you like or dislike about the strategy? Does Southwest have a winning strategy? Certainly, the company deserves a top grade for its winning strategies that include customer satisfaction and keeping operational costs as low as possible. No airline can offer such a low-fare on all its routes unless it knows how to reduce its operational cost without affecting customer services. It is commendable that almost 74 percent of SAs revenues are earned through bookings at its website saving a lot on booking agents (408). The company employed strategic thinking from the very beginning. For example, using Houston Hobby Airport instead of Houston Intercontinental Airport in 1972 was a strategic choice and its passenger traffic outlived the rival airlines almost immediately. It requires business acumen to cut fares from $26 to $13 in a single stroke in 1973 on its San Antonio-Dallas flights to ascertain that not a single seat goes unoccupied ever (395). When Kelleher, the CEO of SA stepped down in 2001, the company was firmly established earning revenues of $5.6 billion and over 30,000 employees on its payroll. Since its inception, the company continues to prosper and it is not a small feat that in these

Child Labor Paper Essay Example for Free

Child Labor Paper Essay Child labor reached new heights during the Industrial Revolution. Due to this, it lead to an increase in the â€Å"percentage of children ten to fifteen years of age who were gainfully employed. Although the official figure of 1.75 million significantly understates the true number, it indicates that at least 18 percent of these children were employed in 1900. In southern cotton mills, 25 percent of the employees were below the age of fifteen, with half of these children below age twelve† (History). Businesses forced children to work excessive hours in dangerous factory conditions with minimal payment. At an attempt to combat child labor a few steps were taken. The creation of new technologic machinery limited the need for children to fulfill tasks. In addition, businesses required higher levels of education in order to be even considered for the job. Congress created the child labor law in 1938 as another way to combat this issue. Although child labor has mostly been eliminated it still poses a problem in other areas throughout the world, especially in developing countries. For example, in China children between the ages of 5 and 17 are being taken advantage of through what their government calls â€Å"Educational Labor.† This means that schools would have the ability to make their students grow and harvest crops, but instead most schools â€Å"abuse this law and they end up forcing the children to do a heavy amount of labor† (Sites). The ILO’s Statistical Information and Monitoring Program on Child Labor recently submitted their estimates that 211 million children, or 18 % of children aged 5-14, are economically active worldwide. The two major components of this statistic is Asia, which consists of 60% those working children and Africa, which has 23% child labor. Non-governmental organization, commonly referred to as NGO’s, strongly disapprove of child labor and engage in strong efforts in order to give the children their freedom. They view it as a just act and most people would agree, but they do not think of the negative aspects that arise when the children are no longer employed. As a result, the children and family members go hungry, since they heavily rely on their employment to contribute to the family’s well-being. Additionally, once the NGO’s shut down the sweatshops there are no further actions taken afterwards. Meaning nothing is done in order to ensure the children are taken care of, go back to school, or financially compensated. They simply celebrate the factory closing as a victory and do not realize the big picture. history.com/topics/child-labor sites.google.com/a/tapa.tp.edu.tw/modern-day-slavery/child-labor/child-labor-in-china

Creative Story: The Ride :: essays research papers

Creative Story: The Ride It was a beautiful day and definitely not forewarning of the events that would change my life. The warm Las Vegas sun was shining brightly in the blue and cloudless sky. A light breeze cooled the warm air just enough to stop the body from sweating. The breeze was clean and crisp that blew along with the scent of a spring day. The only noise was the roar of the engine as I twisted the throttle and accelerated through the twisted roads near my home. As everything raced by me, I felt a rush of adrenaline, then the fateful turn approached. I had taken the turn a hundred times before but today it would change my life. Around the turn would be my motorcycle accident that would cause me to take life much more seriously. Before the accident my lifestyle was very fast paced. I spent almost all of my time with my friends going out to parties every night. My life was in control without any abusive habits, it was just fast paced and fun times with friends. Never being at home added to an already stressful family environment. My high school education suffered from too much fun and too little studying. My father made being at home a very uneasy feeling, making me want to stay away even more. He never took any time to help me with school, car or money. I always had to work to earn everything, the only thing I wasn't paying for was rent. In turn I wanted little to do with my father, stepmother or brother, never contributing or helping out. I even stopped going with them on vacations. The feelings I had were that I just wanted to be alone by myself, independent. For four months after the accident I was unable to do anything that I had previously done in the normal routine of my life. With a full leg and hand cast I spent almost all my time during the four months recovering on the couch in the living room. I finished my junior year of high school at my bedroom desk. During this period I developed a lot of patience from the slow healing process of my bones. I also spent a great deal of time thinking, assessing, and contemplating my life and my future. Some of my thoughts were "What was I doing with my life?", "Where was I headed?", "What was in my future for myself?", "What did I want to do with my life?", "How my family life was affecting me?

Trade Unions

TRAD E UNIONS TRADE UNIONS WHAT IS A TRADE UNION? A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, ? ring and promotion of workers, bene? ts, workplace safety and policies.The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and ? le members and the employer and in some cases on other nonmember workers. HISTORY The origins of unions' existence can be traced from the 18th century, where the rapid expansion of industrial society drew women, children, rural workers, and immigrants to the work force in numbers and in new roles. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organised in ? ts and starts throughout its beginnings,and w ould later be an important arena for the development of trade unions.Trade unions as such were endorsed by the Catholic Church towards the end of the 19th Century. Pope Leo XIII in his â€Å"Magna Carta†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Rerum Novarum—spoke against the atrocities workers faced and demanded that workers should be granted certain rights and safety regulations. The term â€Å"trade union† was ? rst coined by the Romanian professor Matei Coltan who studied at the University of the West of England. HOW DO THEY FUNCTION ! If people of a union CONTENTS 1. WHAT IS A TRADE UNION? 2. HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONS 3. HOW DO TRADE UNIONS FUNCTION 4. LIST OF TRADE UNIONS 5. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA ave work trouble with salary or working conditions, they share this with the union. The union representative ? rst talks to the employer. If this method is not effective they go on strikes. ! COUNTRY GLOBAL LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Industrial Workers of the World IWW (â€Å"Wobblie s†) (IWW Homepage) International Trade Union Confederation International Workers Association (Web page: IWA-AIT) World Federation of Trade Unions (Web page: WFTU) Building and Wood Workers' International Education International (Web page: EI) FIFPro (Web page: ? fpro. org) International Af? iation of Writers Guilds (Web page: IAWG)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ International Arts and Entertainment Alliance – IAEA (FIM+ FIA + UNI-MEI) International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (Web page: ICEM) International Federation of Journalists (Web page: IFJ) International Metalworkers' Federation (Web page: IMF) International Transport Workers' Federation (Web page: ITF) International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers' Federation (Web page: ITGLWF) International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Association (Web page: IUF)  ¦  ¦ Public Services International (Web page: PSI) Union Ne twork International (Web page: UNI) Sectoral global union federations  ¦  ¦  ¦ Albania Algeria  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Trade Unions (Albania) (KSSh) United Independent Albanian Trade Unions (BSPSh) General Union of Algerian Workers (Web page: UGTA) COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Andorra Angola  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Andorran Workers' Union General Centre of Independent and Free Unions of Angola (CGSILA) Independent Union of Maritime and Related Workers (SIMA) National Union of Angolan Workers (UNTA) Antigua Trades and Labour Union (ATLU) Antigua Workers' Union (AWU or ABWU) Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA)  ¦ Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association (Web page: LIALPA) Antigua and Barbuda  ¦  ¦  ¦ Argentina  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Argentine Workers' Center (Web page: CTA) Consejo Coordinador Argentino Sindical (CCAS) Federacion Agraria Argentina General Confederation of Labour (Argentina) (Web page: CGT) Aruba Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados  ¦  ¦ Aruban Workers' Federation (fta) Austrian Trade Union Federation (Osterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund) (Web page: OGB)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Azerbaijan Trade Unions Confederation (ATUC) Committee for Oil Industry Workers' Rights (COIWRP) Bahrain Workers' Union General Federation of Workers Trade Unions in Bahrain Barbados Workers' Union (Web page: BWU) Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association (Web page: LIALPA) National Union of Public Workers COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Bahamas  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Congress of Trade Unions of The Bahamas Airpoty, Airline & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Airline Pilots Association Bahamas Casino Gaming & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Commercial Stores, Supermarket & Warehouse Union Bahamas ommunication & Public Of? cers Union Bahamas Electrical Workers Union Bahamas Fin ancial Services Union Bahamas Hotel Catering & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Maritime Port & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Musician & Entertainers Union Bahamas Public Services Union Bahamas Taxi Cab Union Bahamas Union of Teachers Bahamas Utilities Service & Allied Workers Union Freeport Flight Services & Allied Workers Union Grand Bahama Public Service Driviers & Allied Workers Union Union of Central Banks Union OF Tertiary Education of The Bahamas The Bahamas Prison Of? ers Association The Royal Bahamas Police Association The College of the Bahamas Union of Students Commonwealth of the Bahamas Trade Union Congress General Federation of Belgian Labour Confederation of Christian Trade Unions General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium Belgium  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY Bangladesh LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC) Bangladesh Ganotantrik Sramik Federation Bangladesh Jatio Sram ik League Bangladesh Jatiyo Sramik Jote Bangladesh Jatyatabadi Sramik Dal Bangladesh Labour Federation Bangladesh Mukto Sramik Federation (BMSF) Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramik Federation Bangladesh Trade Union Kendra Jatio Sramik Federation Jatyo Sramik League Samajtantrik Sramik Front Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers Union Federation (BIGUF) Bangladesh Garment & Industrial Workers Federation (BGIWF) Belarus  ¦  ¦  ¦Belarus Free Trade Union (SPB) Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus National Trade Union Congress of Belize Christian Workers' Union United General Workers Union General Workers' Union (Belize) Autonomous Trade Unions Centre General Confederation of the Workers of Benin National Union of the Unions of the Workers of Benin Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU) Bermuda Public Services Association (BPSA) Federation of Bhutanese Trade Unions Belize  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Benin  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bermuda Bhutan  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Botswana Botswana Federation of Trade Unions (BFTU)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Air Botswana Employees' Union Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board Workers' Union Botswana Bank Employees' Union Botswana Beverages & Allied Workers' Union Botswana Central Bank Staff Union Botswana Commercial & General Workers' Union Botswana ConstructionWorkers' Union Botswana Diamond Sorters & Valuators' Union Botswana Hotel Travel & Tourism Workers' Union Botswana Housing Corporation Staff Union Botswana Institute of Development Management Workers' Union Botswana Manufacturing & Packaging Workers' Union Botswana Meat Industry Workers' Union Botswana Mining Workers' Union Botswana National Development Bank Staff Union Botswana Postal Services Workers' Union Botswana Power Corporation Workers' Union Botswana Private Medical & Health Services Workers' Union Botswana Railways Amalga mated Workers' Union Botswana Saving Bank Employees' Union Botswana Telecommunication Employees' Union Botswana Vaccine Institute Staff Union Botswana Wholesale, Furniture & Retail Workers' Union National Amalgamated Central, Local & Parastatal Manual Workers' Union Rural Industry Promotions Company Workers' Union University of Botswana Non-Academic Staff Union COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Bosnia and Herzegovina  ¦ Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republika Srpska Bolivian Workers' Center  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederacion Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia Federacion Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia Corriente de Renovacion Independiente y Solidaridad Laboral Bolivia  ¦ Brazil  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Autonoma de Trabalhadores (www. catipros. org. br) Central Unica dos Trabalhadores (www. cut. org. br) Confederacao Brasileira de Trabalhadores Cristaos Confederacao Geral do s Trabalhadores (www. cgt. org. br) Coordenacao Nacional de Lutas (www. conlutas. org. br) Forca Sindical (www. fsindical. org. br) Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of BulgariaConfederation of Labour Podkrepa National Trade Union Promyana National Confederation of Workers of Burkina National Organisations of Free Trade Unions Trade Union Confederation of Burkina Confederation of Burundi Unions Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia Bulgaria  ¦  ¦  ¦ Burkina Faso  ¦  ¦  ¦ Burundi Cambodia Cameroon  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions General Confederation of Free Workers of Cameroon Union of Free Trade Unions of Cameroon COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Canada  ¦ Canadian Labour Congress  ¦ NationalAf? liates  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ ACTRA British Columbia Teachers' Federation Canadian Association of University Teachers Canadian Auto Workers Canadian Of? ce and Professional Employees Union Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association International Af? iates  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Independent Unions/Other Af? liations  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Writers Guild of Canada Christian Labour Association of Canada Manitoba Teachers' Society Canadian Actors' Equity Association Major League Baseball Players Association National Hockey League Players' Association Canadian Actors' Equity Association Bricklayers, Masons Independent Union of Canada rest are listed at Directory of Independent Labour Organizations Air Line Pilots Association, International Amalgamated Transit Union American Federation of Musicians Amalgamated Transit Union International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Cape Verde Caribbean  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Council of Free Labour Unions Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Centre Caribbean Congress of Labour Caribbean Public Services Association Caribbean trade unions at the Open Directory Project Caribbean Union of T eachers (Web page: CUT) Cayman Islands Airline Pilots Association Confederation Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique National Confederation of Central African Workers Union of Central African Workers Free Confederation of Chadian Workers Union of Trade Unions of Chad Central Autonoma de Trabajadores Workers' United Center of Chile Central Union of Workers Confederation of Workers of Colombia General Confederation of Democratic Workers SINALTRAINAL General Confederation of Trade Unions Cayman islands Central African Republic  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Chad Chile Colombia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Commonwealth Of Independent States Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Confederation Generale du Travail du Congo Democratic Confederation of Labour (DRC) National Union of Congolese Workers Confederation Syndicale des Travailleurs du Congo Confederation Syndicale du Congo Confederation des Syndicats Libres Autonomes du C ongo Congolese Trade Union Confederation COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS People’s Republic of China All-China Federation of Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All-China Federation of Railway Workers' Unions National Committee of the Chinese Agricultural, Forestry and Water Conservancy Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Aviation Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Banking Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Defense Industry, Postal and Telecommunications Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Educational, Scienti? , Cultural, Medical and Sports Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Energy and Chemical Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Financial, Commercial, Light Industry, Textile and Tobacco Workers' Union  ¦  ¦ National Committee of the Chinese Machinery, Metallurgical and Building Material Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Seamen and Construction Workers' Union Cost a Rica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central de Trabajadores de Costa Rica Central del Movimiento de Trabajadores Costarricenses Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores (Costa Rica) Confederacion du Trabajadores de Costa Rica Costa Rican Confederation of Workers Cuban Workers' Solidarity Workers' Central Union of Cuba (Central de Trabajadores de Cuba) Cuba  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Croatia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Association of Croatian Public Sector Unions Croatian Trade Union Association Independent Trade Unions of Croatia Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Croatia Workers' Trade Union Association of Croatia Cyprus TurkishUnions Federation Cyprus Union of Bank Employees Cyprus Workers' Confederation Democratic Labour Federation of Cyprus Pancyprian Federation of Labour Pancyprian Public Servants' Trade Union Revolutionary Trade Unions Federation Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions Association of Autonomous Trade Unions Confederation of Art and Culture Christian L abour Confederation Trade Union Federation of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia  ¦ Trade Union Federation Equality Centrale des Syndicats Libres de Cote d'Ivoire Federation of Autonomous Trade Unions of Cote d'Ivoire General Workers Union in Cote d'Ivoire General Union of Djibouti Workers Union of Djibouti Workers Central General de Trabajadores (Dominican Republic) Confederacion de Trabajadores Unitaria East Timor Trade Union Confederation Cyprus  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Czech Republic  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Cote d’Ivoire  ¦  ¦  ¦ Djibouti Dominican Republic East Timor  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Institucional de Trabajadores Automonos (CITA) COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Denmark Danish Confederation of Professional Associations (AC)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Danish Association of Chartered Surveyors Danish Medical Association Danish Union of Architects Danish Union of Librarians etc. FTF – Confederat ion of Professionals in Denmark Danish Association of Pharmaconomists Danish Nurses Organisation Danish Union of Teachers etc. Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) Danish Food and Allied Workers' Union Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers' Union Danish Union of Metalworkers Danish Union of Professional Technicians Danish Union of Public Employees Fagligt F? lles Forbund National Union of Commercial and Clerical Employees etc. Dominica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Dominica Amalgamated Workers' Union Dominica Association of Teachers Dominica Public Service Union National Workers' Union (Dominica) Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union Ecuador  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederacion Ecuatoriana de Organizaciones Clasistas Unitarias de Trabajadores Confederacion de Trabajadores del Ecuador Ecuador Confederation of Free Trade Union Organizations Frente Unitario de los Trabajadores COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Egypt El Salvador  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Egyptian Trade Union Federation Centra l Autonoma de Trabajadores Salvadorenos Central de Trabajadores Democraticos Federacion Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Salvadorenos Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethopia Fiji  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Equatorial Guinea Workers' Union National Confederation of Eritrean Workers Confederation of Estonian Trade Unions Estonian Employees' Unions' Confederation Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions Ethiopian Teachers' Association Fiji Islands Council of Trade Unions Fiji Trades Union Congress Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji) Indian Cane Growers Association (Fiji) Kisan Sangh Labasa Kisan Sangh Maha Sangh National Farmers Union (Fiji) Rewa Planters Union Vishal Sangh Gabonese Confederation of Free Trade Unions Gabonese Trade Union Confederation Gambia Workers' Union Gambian Workers' Confederation Georgian Trade Union Amalgamation Ghana Federation of Labour Trades Union Congress of Ghana Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Germany Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) German Confederation of Trade Unions [4]  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft IG Metall Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb) Gewerkschaft der Sozialversicherung komba gewerkschaft Christlicher Gewerkschaftsbund (CGB) Other free Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Deutscher Bundeswehrverband Marburger Bund Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) German Salaried Employees' Union until 2001 Gibraltar Historical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Gibraltar Apprentices and Ex-Apprentices Union Gibraltar Confederation of Labour Gibraltar Labour Trades Union The Gibraltar Confederation of Labour was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1963.Greece Grenada Guatemala  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Civil Servants' Confederation General Confederation of Greek Workers Grenada Trad es Union Council Central General de Trabajadores de Guatemala Confederacion de Unidad Sindical de Guatemala Union Sindical de Trabajadores de Guatemala COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Guinea  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Union of the Workers of Guinea National Confederation of Guinean Workers National Organization of Free Unions of Guinea United Trade Union of Guinean Workers National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau Guyana Agricultural and General Workers' Union Guyana Airline Pilots Association Guyana Labour Union Guyana Local Government Of? ers' Union Guyana Mining Metal and General Workers' Union Guyana Postal and Telecommunications' Union Guyana Teachers' Union Guyana Trades Union Congres National Workers' Union (Guyana) Guyana public services union Clerical and commercial workers union Confederation des Travailleurs Haitiens Coordination Syndicale Haitienne (CSH) Haitian Trade Union Coordination May 1st – Workers' Fight Federation Batay Ouvriye Centrale Generale des Travail leurs Central General de Trabajadores (Honduras) Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Federacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Honduras Workers' Confederation Autonomous Trade Union Confederation Democratic Confederation of Free Trade Unions Forum for the Cooperation of Trade Unions Guinea-Bissau Guyana  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Haiti  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Honduras  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Hungary  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Hong Kong  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) – proCPC Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Labour Unions (HKFLU) Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) pro-democracy Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (HKKTUC) – pro-Kuomintang Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (HKPTU) – prodemocracy Joint Organization of Unions – Hong Kong Confederation of State and Municipal Em ployees of Iceland  ¦ Icelandic Federation of Labour Confederation of All Indonesian Workers' Union Confederation of Indonesia Prosperous Trade Union Confederation of Indonesian Trade Union (CITU) Indonesian Forestry and Allied Workers' Union (KAHUTINDO)  ¦  ¦ FEDERASI SERIKAT PEKERJA NASIONAL INDONESIA INDONESIA NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS FSPNI Iceland  ¦ Indonesia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Iran  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Central Council of Trade Unions Central Council of United Trade Unions Central Union of Workers and Peasants of Iran Ettehadiyeh-ye Sendika-ye Kargaran-e Iran Iranian Workers' Solidarity Network Syndicate of Workers of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company Union of Toilers of Iran COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS India see Indian Trade Unions, List of trade unions in the Singareni coal ? elds.  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Indian Railway Trade Unions All KARNATAKA Kannadigara Workers union . Karnataka Auto driver Union Kar nataka Workers Union All India Railway Men's Federation www. air? ndia. com Northern Railway Men's Union www. nrmu. net Bank Employees Federation of IndiaAll India Central Council of Trade Unions Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Federation Bunkar Mahasabha Rajasthan Nirman Mazdoor Sangathan Tamil Nadu Democratic Construction Labour Union All India Trade Union Congress  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union Federation of Chatkal Mazdoor Unions Nikhila Orissa Beedi Shramika Federation Patiala Aviation Club Workers Union Pondicherry Textile Labour Union Powerloom Workers Union Punjab Breweries Workers Union Vegetable Market Workers Union Visakha Steel Workers Union  ¦ Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bhakra Management Board Karamchari Sangh Bharatiya Pratiraksha Mazdoor Sangh MCF Mazdoor Sangh Mica Mazdoor Sangh COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Centre of Indian Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Union Calcutta Tramways Workers' and Employees' Union Cochin City Motor Thozhilali Union Darjeeling District Newspaper Sellers' Union Forward Seamens Union of India Maharashtra Sugarcane Cutting and Transport Workers Union Otis Elevators Employees Union Siliguri Dokan Sramik Karmachari Union Steel Plant Employees Union Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat Konkan Railway Corporation Employees Union Municipal Mazdoor Union Hind Mazdoor Sabha All India Jute Textile Workers' Federation Coimbatore District Textile Workers Union Kudremukh Shram Shakthi Sanghatan MCF Employees' UnionIndian Federation of Trade Unions Darjeeling Jela Dokan Sramik Union Indian National Trade Union Congress National Union of Jute Workers Indian National Defence Workers Federation MCF Workers' Union Nangal Bakra Mazdoor Sangh Visakha Steel Employees' Congress Labour Progressive Federation NLC Workers Progressive Union COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UN IONS  ¦ National Federation of Atomic Energy Employee  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ AEEA (IGCAR) BARCFEA (BARC facilities) GSO SA (GSO) TAPEU (MAPS) MAPSA (MAPS) DPS (DAE) EA (MRPU) CATSA Confederation Of Atomic & Space Scientists/ Technologists, COAST  ¦  ¦ AARCO, Kalpakkam CATSOA, Indore  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Trade Union Coordination Committee  ¦ Bengal Hawkers AssociationAssociation of Motion Pictures & TV Programme Producer of India Federation of Western India Cine Employees Indian National Trade Union Congress Kerala Private Pharmacist's Association (KPPA) Kerala Gazetted Of? cers' Federation Kerala State Transport Employees Front Maharashtra General Kamgar Union Mazdoor Mukti Morcha Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh Socialist Trade Union Centre Trade Union Centre of India United Trade Union Centre-Lenin Sarani All India Defence Employees Federation Bengal Jute Mill Workers' Union Bengal Provincial Chat kal Mazdoor Union *Murshidabad Self Employed Geriatric Healthcare Workers Association COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Iraq  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Workers?Councils and Unions in Iraq General Federation of Trade Unions Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions Union of the Unemployed in Iraq Federation of Oil Unions in Iraq Irish Congress of Trade Unions Ireland  ¦ Historical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Electricity Supply Staff Association (Dublin) Galway Workers' and General Labourers' Union Irish Mental Hospital Workers' Union Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Unite – the Union – a merger of the T&GWU and Amicus created on 1 May 2007. Amicus Association of Higher Civil & Public Servants Association of Irish Traditional Musicians Association of Secondary Teachers Ireland Irish Bank Of? cials' Association (IBOA) (www. iboa. e) Irish Federation of University Teachers (IFUT) (www. ifut. ie) Irish Medical Organisa tion (IMO) (www. imo. ie) Irish Municipal, Public and Civil Trade Union (IMPACT) (www. impact. ie) Irish National Teachers' Organisation (INTO) (www. into. ie) Irish Nurses Organisation (INO) (www. ino. ie) MANDATE (www. mandate. ie) NAPO (www. napo. org. uk) National League of the Blind (NLB) (no website known) National Union of Journalists (NUJ) (www. nuj. org) so on†¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Israel  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ New Histadrut http://www. histradrut. org. il/ National Labour Federation in Eretz-Israel Histadrut Koach La`Ovdim: Power to the workers Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) Cgil. t Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL) Italian Labour Union (UIL) Uil. it Italian Confederation of Free Workers' Unions (CISAL) CONFSAL Confederazione del Comitati di Base (COBAS) Cobas. it CUB (Confederazione Unitaria di Base) General Labour Union (Italy) SIN. PA. (Sindacato Padano) DIRFOR (Sindacato Nazionale dei Dirigenti, dei Direttivi del Corpo For estale dello Stato)  ¦  ¦ CGU (Confederazione GILDA-UNAMS-NURSIND) Autonomous South Tyrolean Trade Union Bustamante Industrial Trade Union Jamaica Airline Pilots Association Jamaica Association of Local Government Of? cers Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions Jamaica Civil Service Association (www. jacisera. om) National Workers Union Jamaican Teachers Association Jamaican Union of Public Of? cers and Public Employers Japan Teachers Union RENGO Sohyo National Union of General Workers General Union Tozen Italy  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Jamaica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Japan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Jordon Kazakhstan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions Jordanian Engineers Association Confederation of Labour of Kazakhstan Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kenya  ¦ Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya) (KNUT)Kenya national union of teachers Transport and general workers union (UK) Marathon Runners Union Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Kiribati Trade Union Congress Kuwait Trade Union Federation Kyrgyzstan Federation of Trade Unions Lao Federation of Trade Unions Free Trade Confederation of Latvia General Confederation of Lebanese Workers Congress of Lesotho Trade Unions Lesotho Congress of Democratic Unions Lesotho Trade Union Congress Liberian Federation of Labour Unions National Trade Unions' Federation Liechtenstein Employees' Association Lithuanian Labour Federation Lithuanian Trade Union – Solidarity Lithuanian Trade Union Confederation Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Luxembourg  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Civil Service Confederation (CGFP) Luxembourg Association of Bank and Insurance Employees (ALEBA) Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions (LCGB) Luxembourg Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (OGBL) Republic of Macedonia  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Free Trade Unions Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia Union of Independent Autonomous Trade Unions Christian Confederation ofMalagasy Trade Unions Confederation of Malagasy Workers United Autonomous Unions of Madagascar Malawi Congress of Trade Unions Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services Madagascar  ¦  ¦  ¦ Malawi Malaysia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Malaysian Trades Union Congress National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income Group of Government Workers Mali Malta  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Workers' Union of Mali Workers' Trade Union Confederation of Mali Forum of Maltese Trade Unions For. U. M. – confederation Confederation of Malta Trade Unions General Workers' Union (Malta) Malta Workers' Union Malta Union of Teachers Malta Union of Midwives and Nurses COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Mauritania  ¦  ¦ Free Confederation of Mauritanian Workers General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers Union of Mauritanian Workers Federation of Civil Service Unions Federation of Progressive Unions Mauritius Labour Congress Mauritius Trade Union Congress National Trade Unions Confederation Organization of Artisans' Unity Local Authorities Employees Union Confederation of Independent Trade Union Confederation of Mexican Workers – CTM General Confederation of Workers (Mexico) – CGT Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers – CROM Sindicato unico de Trabajadores Electricistas de la Republica Mexicana – SUTERM  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic – SNTMMSRM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Autotransportes Urbanos de Pasajeros, Ruta 100 Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Industria Nuclear SUTIN Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Musica del D. F. SUTM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Banco de Mexico Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Gobierno del Distrito Federal Sindicato Unico Nacional de Trabajadores de Telecomunicaciones de Mexico (TELECOMM) AND MANY MORE†¦ Mauritius  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Mexico  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Moldova  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Union of Monaco Trade Unions Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions Democratic Confederation of Labour (Morocco) Democratic Federation of Labour General Union of Moroccan Workers Moroccan Workers' Union National Labour Union of Morocco The Moroccan Morracas Union Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Mozambique Workers' Organization Federation of Trade Unions of Burma Seafarers' Union of Burma National Union of Namibian Workers Trade Union Congress of Namibia All Nepal Trade Union Federation- ANTUF Confederation of Nepalese Professionals-CoNEP Federation of Nepalese Progressive Trade UnionsFENEPT General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions-GEFONT Nepal Trade Union Congress-Independent:NTUC-I Nepal Trade Union Federation-NTUF National Democratic Confederation of Nepalese Trade Union-Independent:NDCONT-I COUNTRY Netherlands LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging (FNV) Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond (CNV) CNV Public Vakcentrale Voor Middengroepen en Hoger Personeel (MHP) Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen Nederlandse Vereniging van Luchtvaart Technici Algemene Bond voor Casinopersoneel (Vakbond ABC) Bonaire Federation of Labour Central General di Trahadonan di Corsow Trade Union Centre of Curacao Windward Islands Federation of Labour New Zealand Council of Trade Unions (NZCTU) New Zealand Air Line Pilots' Association (APA) Alloy Yachts Employees Federation Amalgamated Workers Union of New Zealand Clothing, Laundry and Allied Workers Union of Aotearoa Corrections Associatio n of New Zealand (CANZ) Customs Of? cers' Association of New Zealand New Zealand Dairy Workers Union (DWU) Finance and Information Workers Union (Finsec) Firestone Employees Society Flight Attendants and Related Services Association (FARSA)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union Postal Workers Association (PWA) Postal Workers Union (PWU) AND MANY MORE†¦ Netherlands Antilles  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ New Zealand  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Nicaragua  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Labour Uni? cation Nicaraguan Workers' Centre Sandinista Workers' Centre Ulster Teachers' Union (UTU) NorwegianConfederation of Trade Unions (LO)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ EL & IT Forbundet Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers Norwegian Civil Service Union Norwegian Post and Communications Union Norwegian Seafarers' Union (Norsk Sjomannsforbund) Norwegian Union of Food, Beve rage and Allied Workers Norwegian Union of General Workers Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees Union of Employees in Commerce and Of? ces United Federation of Trade Unions Northern Ireland Norway  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Unions for Professionals, Norway Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations NITO Democratic Confederation of Workers of Niger General Union of Workers of Niger Nigerien Confederation of Labour Union of Workers' Trade Unions of Niger Niger  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ OmanTrade unions are illegal in Oman, but the World Federation of Trade Unions recognizes one exile organization—the National Committee of Omani Workers. COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Pakistan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All Pakistan Federation of Labour All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions All Pakistan Trade Union Congress All Pakistan Trade Union Federation Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions Pakistan Work ers' Federation Muttahida Labour Federation Pakistan Pakistan Brick Kiln Labour Union Central National de Trabajadores de Panama Confederation of Workers of the Republic of Panama Convergencia Sindical General Confederation of Workers of Panama SUNTRACSPapua New Guinea Trade Union Congress Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (Paraguay) Confederacion Paraguaya de Trabajadores National Workers' Central (Paraguay) Central Autonoma de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion de Trabajadores del Peru Federation of Free Workers May First Labour Movement Centre Trade Union Congress of the Philippines All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ) August80 (WZZ â€Å"Sierpien80†) Solidarity Independent Self-Governing Trade Union (NSZZ Solidarnosc)  ¦ Trade Unions Forum (FZZ) Panama  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Papua New Guinea Paraguay  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Peru  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Philippines  ¦  ¦  ¦ Poland  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Portugal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Confederation of Labour (Portugal) General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers General Union of Workers (Portugal) Union of Independent Trade Unions (Portugal) General Confederation of Workers (Puerto Rico) Teachers' Federation of Puerto Rico Democratic Trade Union Confederation of Romania National Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Romania – Brotherhood  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Trade Union Bloc National Trade Union Confederation (Romania) National Trade Union Confederation – Meridian All-Russian Confederation of Labour Confederation of Labour of Russia (www. ktr. u) Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Trade Union Centre of Workers of Rwanda Union of Workers in Industry, Garages, Construction Firms, Mines and Printers Puerto Rico Romania  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Russia  ¦  ¦  ¦ Rwanda  ¦  ¦ Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union National Workers' Union (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia Teachers' Union – SLTU (www. stluciateachersunion. com) Saint Lucia Workers' Union Commercial, Technical and Allied Workers' Union National Labour Congress National Workers' Movement (St. Vincent) St. Vincent and the Grenadines Public Service Union Saint Vincent and the grenadines  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONSSamoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Samoa Public Service Association Samoa Trade Union Congress Democratic Confederation of San Marino Workers San Marino Confederation of Labour General Union of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe National Organization of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe – Central Union Senegal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Dakar Dem Dikk Workers Democratic Union Democratic Union of Senegalese Workers National Confederation of Senegalese Workers National Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Senegal Confederation of Autonom ous Trade Unions of Serbia (www. sindikat. rs) Serbia  ¦  ¦  ¦ United Branch Trade Unions â€Å"Independence† (www. ezavisnost. org) Postmans Trade Union – SD(www. sdpostar. com) Seychelles Federation of Workers' Unions Seychelles Workers Union Sierra Leone Confederation of Trade Unions Sierra Leone Labour Congress National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) Confederation of Trade Unions of the Slovak Republic Independent Christian Trade Unions of Slovakia Association of Free Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of New Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of Trade Unions of Slovenia – Pergam Trade Union Confederation 90 of Slovenia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Solomon Islands South Africa  ¦ Solomon Islands Council of Trade Unions Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union Communication Workers Union (South Africa) Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa Food and Allied Workers Union Musicians Union of South Africa National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa) Performing Arts Workers' Equity Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union SASBO – The Finance Union South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union South African Democratic Nurses' Union South African Democratic Teachers Union South African Football Players Union South African Medical Association Confederation of South African Workers' Unions Federation of Unions of South Africa  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Health & Other Services Personnel Trade Union of South Africa Independent Municipal & Allied Trade Union Public Servants Associatio n of South Africa United Association of South Africa  ¦ National Council of Trade Unions COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS South Korea  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Korean Trade Unions Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Korean Teachers & Education Workers' Union phithi trade union for youth development Spain  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Workers' Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CCOO) (www. ccoo. s) Union General de Trabajadores (UGT) (www. ugt. es) Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT) (www. cgt. es) Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) (www. cnt. es) Confederacion Intersindical Galega (CIG) ([5]) Agrarian Trade Union Federation Basque Workers' Solidarity Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak Spanish Trade Union Organisation Typographic Workers Trade Union Workers Collectives Workers in Struggle Collectives All Ceylon United Motor Workers? Union Ceylon Federation of Labour Ceylon Federation of Union GCSU Sri Lanka United Corporations and Mercantile Union Ceylon Electricity Board Engineer? s Union Sudanese Workers? Trade Union FederationSri Lanka  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Sudan  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Suriname  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Civil Service Organizations General Alliance of Labour Unions in Suriname Organization of Cooperating Autonomous Trade Unions Progressive Labour Federation 47 Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Financial Sector Union of Sweden Swedish Association of Health Professionals Swedish Police Union Swedish Teachers' Union Swedish Union of Civil Servants Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Employees in Industry Swedish Union of Commercial Salaried Employees Swedish Trade Union Confederation(www. lo. e)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden National Socialist Industrial Workers Union Swe dish Confederation of Professional Associations AND MORE†¦ IF Metall Swedish Building Maintenance Workers' Union Swedish Building Workers' Union Swedish Commercial Employees' Union Swedish Electricians' Union Swedish Food Workers' Union Swedish Forest and Wood Workers' Union Swedish Hotel and Restaurant Workers' Union Swedish Industrial Union Swaziland Sweden  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Switzerland  ¦  ¦  ¦ Swiss Federation of Trade Unions (Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftbund)(SGB) (www. sgb. ch) syndikat – Die Online Gewerkschaft (syndikat. ch) Travail.Suisse General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria) Chinese Federation of Labour Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions Tajikistan Federation of Trade Unions Trade Union' Congress of Tanzania Zanzibar Trade Union Congress Labour Congress of Thailand National Congress of Thai Labour Thai Trade Union Congress National Confederation of Togolese Workers National Union of Independent Trade Unions of Togo Trade Union Confederation of Togolese Workers Togo Pogo Stick Union Friendly Islands Teachers' Association Tonga Nurses' Association Tonga Conga Line Association Tunisian General Labour Union Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Togo  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Tonga  ¦  ¦  ¦ Tunisia Turkey  ¦ Irwinian Federation of Day laborers  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey Confederation of Public Workers' Unions Confederation of Turkish Real Trade Unions Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions National Centre of Trade Unions of Turkmenistan Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union Turkmenistan Tuvalu  ¦  ¦COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Trinidad and Tobago Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Airline Superintendents Association All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union Airline Superintendents Association Amalgamated Workers Union Association of Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Staff Aviation, Communication and Allied Workers Union Banking, Insurance and General Workers Union Communication, Transport and General Workers Union Communication Workers Union Contractors and General Workers Trade Union Customs and Excise Extra Guards Association Electronic Media Union of Trinidad and Tobago Emperor Valley Zoo Estate Police Association AND MANY MOREHistorical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union Amalgamated Engineering and General Workers' Trade Union Bank and General Workers Union Bank Employees Union British Colonial Taxpayers and All Workers Union Civil Service Association Communication Services and General Workers Trade Union Public Works and Public Service Workers Trade Union Staff Association of Barclays Bank of Trinidad and Tobago Limited AND MANY MORE COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Uganda  ¦  ¦ National Organization of Trade Unions, Central Organisation of Free Trad e Unions, Uganda (COFTU) Ukraine  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Ukraine Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine National Confederation of the Trade-Union Organizations of Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan USSR Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela  ¦ Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores – Convencion Nacional de Trabajadores  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Federation of Trade Unions of Uzbekistan Soviet trade unions Vanuatu Council of Trade Unions Association of Vatican Lay Workers Confederacion de Trabajadores de Venezuela Movimiento Nacional de Trabajadores Para La Liberacion Union Nacional de Trabajadores de Venezuela Vietnamese General Confederation of Labour General Workers' Union of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Yemeni Confederation of Labor Unions Federation of Free Trade Unions of Zambia Zambia Congress of Trade Unions African Trade Union Congress Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Uni ons COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United Kingdom  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Federation of Trade Unions (UK) Trades Union Congress (TUC) Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ ACCORD Advance (www. advance-union. org) Aegis The Aegon UK Staff Association †¡Alliance for Finance Aspect (www. aspect. org. uk)Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ASLEF Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union BFAWU (www. bfawu. org. uk) †¡Balfour Beatty Group Staff Association † Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Belfast Airport Police Association †¡Boots Pharmacists Association BPA Britannia Staff Union BSU (www. britanniasu. org. uk) British Air Line Pilots' Association BALPA (www. balpa. org. uk) British Association of Colliery Management BACT TEAM (www. bacmteam. org. uk) British Association of Dental Nurses BADN ([6]) British Association of Journalists BAJ (www. bajunion. org. uk/) British Association of Occupational Therapists BAOT Retired Of? cers Association Royal College of Midwives RCM University and College Union UCU (www. ucu. org. uk) VOICE (www. voicetheunion. org. k/) †¡Warwick International Staff Association AND MANY MORE†¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United States AFL-CIO (The American Federation of Labor – Congress of Industrial Organizations)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Air Line Pilots Association ALPA Amalgamated Transit Union ATU American Federation of Government Employees AFGE American Federation of Musicians American Federation of School Administrators AFSA American Train Dispatchers Department ATDD Associated Actors and Artistes of America (4As)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Actors' Equity Association AEA American Guild of Musical Artists AGMA American Guild of Variety Artists AGVA The Guild of Italian American Actors GIAA Screen Actors Guild SAG AND MANY MORE†¦ The Change to Win Federation) Inter national Brotherhood of Teamsters IBT Service Employees International Union SEIU  ¦  ¦ Independent  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association AMFA Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions Directors Guild of America DGA Dramatists Guild of America Jockeys' Guild Workers United – Recruiting UNITE HERE AND MANY MORE†¦ Union Reform Groups  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Labor Notes Short Circuits IBEW local reformers Teamsters for a Democratic Union TDU AND MANY MORE†¦ The trade unionism in India developed quite slowly as compared to the western nations. Indian trade union movement can be divided into three phases. The first phase (1850-1900) During this phase the inception of trade unions took place.During this period, the working and living conditions of the labor were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and general economic conditions were po or in industries. In order to regulate the working hours and other service conditions of the Indian textile laborers, the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result, employment of child labor was prohibited. The growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities.These strikes taught workers to understand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up by this time. The second phase (1900 to 1946) This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into existence in the country. At Ahmedabad, under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners’ unions and weavers’ unions were formed. A strike was lau nched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who turned it into a satyagrah.These unions federated into industrial union known as Textile Labor Association in 1920. In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became operative from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. By 1949, four central trade union organizations were functioning in the country: 1. The All India Trade Union Congress, 2.The Indian National Trade Union Congress, 3. The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh, and 4. The United Trade Union Congress The working class movement was also politicized along the li nes of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA The Indian workforce consists of 430 million workers, growing 2% annually. The Indian labor markets consist of three sectors: 1.The rural workers, who constitute about 60 per cent of the workforce. 2. Organized sector, which employs 8 per cent of workforce, and 3. The urban informal sector (which includes the growing software industry and other services, not included in the formal sector) which constitutes the rest 32 per cent of the workforce. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA ! In India the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of L abour, trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008, there are 11 Central Trade Union Organizations (CTUO) recognized by the Ministry of Labour.RECOGNIZED CTUO? s 1. All India Central Council of Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) Liberation) 2. All India Trade Union Congress (Communist Party of India) 3. All India United Trade Union Centre (Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)) 4. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) 5. Indian National Trade Union Congress (Indian National Congress) 6. Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress (All India Trinamool Congress) 7. Centre for Indian Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (Marxist)) 8. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (socialists) 9. Labour Progressive Federation (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) 10. SEWA 11.Trade Union Coordination Committee (All India Forward Bloc) 12. United Trade Union Congress (Revolutionary Socialist Party) ALL INDIA CENTRAL COUNCIL OF TRADE UNIONS ! All Ind ia Central Council of Trade Unions, a central trade union federation in India. AICCTU is politically attached to Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AICCTU had a membership of 639 962 in 2002 ALL INDIA TRADE UNION CONGRESS (AITUC) All India Trade Union Congress Founded 1920 Members 2,677,979 (2002) Country India Af? liation WFTU Key Gurudas Dasgupta, general people Of? ce location secretary Delhi, IndiaThe All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federations in India and one of the ? ve largest. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AITUC had a membership of 2,677,979 in 2002. ! It was founded on 31 October 1920 in Bombay by Lala Lajpat Rai and a few others and, until 1945 when unions became organised on party lines, it was the primary trade union organisation in India. Since then it has been associated with the Communist Party of India. AITUC is go verned by a body headed by General Secretary Gurudas Dasgupta, a politician af? liated with Communist Party of India. AITUC is a founder member of the World Federation of Trade Unions.ALL INDIA UNITED TRADE UNION CENTRE ! ! The All India United Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC), formerly known as UTUC-LS, is a Central Trade Union Organisation in India and the labour wing of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist). Presently its activities are spread over 19 states. The organisation claims to have 600 af? liated unions, comprising an individual membership of over two million. It is the 6th largest trade union in India. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC-LS had a membership of 1,368,535 in 2002. BHARATIYA MAZDOOR SANGH (BMS) Indian Workers Union Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Founded July 23, 1955 Members 6. million (2002) Country India Af? liation Independent Key people Girish Awasthi, president Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. bms. org. in ! The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Workers' Union) is the largest central trade union organization in India. It was founded by Dattopantji Thengdi on July 23, 1955, which also happens to the birthday of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. ! The BMS itself claims to have over 8. 3 million members. At present it is estimated around 5860 unions are af? liated to the BMS. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, the BMS had a membership of 6215797 in 2002. It can also be noted that the BMS is not af? iated to any International Trade Union Confederation. ! Girish Awasthi is the current president of the organization, and Mr. Lakshma Reddy its General Secretary. INDIAN NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trade Union Congress Founded May 3, 1947 Members 3. 8 million (2002) Country India Af? liation ITUC Key G. Sanjeeva Reddy, President; Rajendra people Of? ce location Website Prasad Singh, General Secretary. 4, Bhai Veer Singh Marg, New Delhi ! Indian National Trade Un ion Congress (INTUC) is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress. It was founded May 3, 1947, and is af? liated with the International Trade Union Confederation.According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, INTUC had a membership of 3892011 in 2002. INDIAN NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress Country India Key Shovan Deb people Chattopadhyay, All India President; Purnendu Bose, West Bengal State President ! Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress is a trade union organisation of India politically associated with All India Trinamool Congress. CENTRE OF INDIAN TRADE UNIONS (CITU) Centre of Indian Trade Unions Founded 1970 Members 3. 2 million Country India Key people M K Pandhe, President Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. citucentre. orgCentre of Indian Trade Unions (Hindi: ‘(? ?*+ -. /), CITU is a National level Trade Union in India politically attached to the Communist Party of India (Ma rxist). The Centre of Indian Trade Unions is today one of biggest assembly of workers and classes of India. It has strong unchallangeable presence in the Indian states of West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura besides a good presence in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It has presence in almost all of the Indian states. According to the provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, CITU had a membership of 3,222,532 in 2002. Chittabrata Majumdar was the General Secretary of CITU from 2003-2007. 2th Conference (held in January 2007) of CITU re-elected him as its General Secretary. But he died on 20 February 2007. The General Council of CITU met on 17 May 2007 and elected Mohammed Amin as its new General Secretary. HIND MAZDOOR KISAN PANCHAYAT (HMKP) Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (India Workers Peasants Council), is a national trade union confederation in India. Its national president is George Fernandes. HIND MAZDOOR SABHA (HMS) Founded Members Country Af? liation Key people H ind Mazdoor Sabha December 29, 1948 3. 3 million India ITUC Manohar Kotwal, president Umraomal Purohit, general secretary New Delhi, India members. rediff. com/hms/ Of? e location Website ! The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS, a Hindi name with approximate meaning ‘Workers Assembly of India') is a national trade union center in India. LABOUR PROGRESSIVE FEDERATION ! Labour Progressive Federation, trade union federation in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The LPF is politically attached to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, LPF had a membership of 611,506 in 2002. The president of LPF is C. Kuppusamy. ! Telecom Employees Progressive Union is an af? liate of Labour Progressive Federation. The Union is shortly called TEPU that represents BSNL workers of India.The website of the union is tepuchq. org SELF-EMPLOYED WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (SEWA) The Self-Employed Women's Association of India (SEWA) is a trade union f or poor, self-employed women workers in India. SEWA was founded in 1972 by the noted Gandhian and civil rights leader Dr Ela Bhatt. SEWA's main of? ce is located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and it works in several states of India. SEWA had a membership of 966,139 in the year 2008. SEWA members are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare bene? ts like workers in the organized sector. They are the unprotected labour force of India.Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers of the unorganized sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganized sector. However their work is not counted and hence remains invisible. SEWA is strongly supported by the World Bank which holds it out as a model to be replicated elsewhere. TRADE UNION COORDINATION COMMITTEE (TUCC) Trade Union Coordination Committee, a central trade union federation in India. TUCC is politically attache d to All India Forward Bloc. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, TUCC had a membership of 732760 in 2002. The general secretary is Nripendra Kumar Mahto.Krishi Shramik Union (Agricultural Labour Union) is af? liated to TUCC. ! In Pune, the Ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK) Employees Union and the Dehu Road Ordnance Factory Employees Union are af? liated to TUCC. UNITED TRADE UNION CONGRESS United Trade Union Congress Founded 1949 Members 383 946 (2002) Country India Key people Abani Roy, general secretary Of? ce location Kolkata, India ! United Trade Union Congress is a central trade union organisation in India. UTUC is politically tied to Revolutionary Socialist Party. Abani Roy is the general secretary of UTUC. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC had a membership of 383 946 in 2002. UTUC was founded at an All India Labour Conference in Calcutta, May 1, 1949. The founding president was professor K. T. Shah, a member of th e Constituent Assembly from Bombay, and the founding general secretary was Mrinal Kanti Bose, a former AITUC president from Bengal. At the time of its foundation, Bose claimed that the organisation consisted of 236 unions with a combined membership of 347 428. ! Initially, UTUC pro? led itself as an independent trade union centre, organising members of different leftwing factions. In 1953 the Deputy Labour Minister of India, Abid Ali, estimated the UTUC membership at 384 962. At the time UTUC had 332 af? liated unions